Table 3.
Logistic regression analysis for postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding risk (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | ||||||
| 20–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| 30–39 | 1.045 | (0.785, 1.391) | 1.109 | (0.832, 1.478) | 1.076 | (0.807, 1.435) |
| 40–49 | 2.457 | (1.896, 3.184) | 1.268 | (0.975, 1.649) | 1.201 | (0.923, 1.563) |
| 50–59 | 4.691 | (3.670, 5.997) | 1.436 | (1.115, 1.851) | 1.346 | (1.045, 1.735) |
| 60–69 | 7.675 | (6.026, 9.775) | 1.565 | (1.213, 2.019) | 1.464 | (1.135, 1.889) |
| ≥70 | 19.171 | (15.173, 24.224) | 3.276 | (2.549, 4.210) | 3.011 | (2.343, 3.869) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Female | 0.558 | (0.522, 0.596) | 0.740 | (0.689, 0.794) | 0.716 | (0.667, 0.769) |
| Income | ||||||
| <20% | 1.525 | (1.413, 1.646) | 1.289 | (1.193, 1.392) | 1.253 | (1.159, 1.354) |
| ≥20% | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Rural | 1.129 | (1.056, 1.208) | 0.997 | (0.932, 1.067) | 0.990 | (0.925, 1.060) |
| Comorbidity * | ||||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 4.137 | (3.850, 4.446) | 1.384 | (1.278, 1.497) | 1.341 | (1.238, 1.452) |
| Hypertension | 4.762 | (4.445, 5.100) | 1.330 | (1.225, 1.444) | 1.306 | (1.203, 1.418) |
| Dyslipidemia | 2.602 | (2.428, 2.788) | 0.869 | (0.804, 0.940) | 0.858 | (0.794, 0.928) |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 3.617 | (3.241, 4.038) | 1.629 | (1.456, 1.823) | 1.541 | (1.376, 1.726) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 8.721 | (7.849, 9.690) | 2.916 | (2.601, 3.269) | 2.655 | (2.362, 2.985) |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 2.968 | (2.758, 3.194) | 1.246 | (1.153, 1.347) | 1.199 | (1.109, 1.296) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 6.784 | (6.167, 7.463) | 1.884 | (1.694, 2.094) | 1.779 | (1.599, 1.979) |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | 2.085 | (1.944, 2.237) | 0.952 | (0.885, 1.025) | 0.822 | (0.763, 0.886) |
| Antiplatelet/Anticoagulant * | ||||||
| Antiplatelet User | 3.000 | (2.796, 3.220) | 1.059 | (0.978, 1.146) | 1.023 | (0.944, 1.108) |
| Anticoagulant User | 3.909 | (3.522, 4.338) | 1.288 | (1.149, 1.443) | 1.204 | (1.073, 1.352) |
| By surgery types | ||||||
| Head and Neck (major) | 8.979 | (6.661, 12.105) | 6.499 | (4.814, 8.774) | 3.734 | (2.732, 5.104) |
| Head and Neck (minor) | 0.364 | (0.269, 0.493) | 0.418 | (0.309, 0.566) | 0.352 | (0.259, 0.478) |
| Cardiovascular (major) | 24.012 | (20.479, 28.155) | 9.104 | (7.659, 10.821) | 6.051 | (5.024, 7.289) |
| Gastrointestinal (major) | 24.456 | (21.618, 27.667) | 11.891 | (10.434, 13.551) | 10.964 | (9.513, 12.636) |
| Gastrointestinal (minor) | 2.236 | (1.908, 2.621) | 1.826 | (1.556, 2.143) | 1.652 | (1.403, 1.945) |
| Genitourinary (major) | 6.776 | (5.239, 8.765) | 2.424 | (1.862, 3.156) | 1.599 | (1.215, 2.104) |
| Gynecological (major) | 0.541 | (0.351, 0.834) | 0.602 | (0.390, 0.928) | 0.693 | (0.448, 1.070) |
| Cesarean Section (minor) | 0.069 | (0.036, 0.134) | 0.166 | (0.085, 0.324) | 0.198 | (0.101, 0.387) |
| Orthopedic (major) | 5.652 | (5.002, 6.387) | 2.742 | (2.403, 3.128) | 2.127 | (1.852, 2.442) |
| Orthopedic (minor) | 1.011 | (0.252, 4.063) | 0.983 | (0.244, 3.950) | 0.839 | (0.208, 3.376) |
| Others (minor) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Postoperative drugs user * | ||||||
| Acetaminophen/NSAIDs | 0.723 | (0.677, 0.773) | 0.749 | (0.696, 0.807) | ||
| Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor | 2.637 | (2.357, 2.950) | 1.077 | (0.949, 1.223) | ||
| Anticonvulsant | 1.984 | (1.714, 2.298) | 0.931 | (0.799, 1.085) | ||
| Antidepressant | 1.908 | (1.553, 2.342) | 0.937 | (0.759, 1.156) | ||
| Opioid | 3.865 | (3.606, 4.143) | 0.892 | (0.824, 0.965) | ||
| Steroid | 2.014 | (1.865, 2.174) | 1.361 | (1.250, 1.482) | ||
| Mucosal Protective Agents | 2.537 | (2.374, 2.712) | 1.886 | (1.760, 2.021) | ||
| H2 Receptor Antagonist | 1.346 | (1.257, 1.441) | 1.171 | (1.090, 1.259) | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitor | 6.571 | (6.132, 7.042) | 3.000 | (2.784, 3.233) | ||
| Antacid | 1.546 | (1.444, 1.656) | 1.292 | (1.199, 1.392) | ||
Model 1 is a nonadjusted analysis for each variable, Model 2 includes baseline characteristics before surgery (i.e., age, sex, income, residence, comorbid conditions, and antiplatelet/anticoagulant drug use) and surgery type, and Model 3 additionally included postoperative drug use, including analgesic use and gastrointestinal medication. * Nondrug users and without comorbidities are references.