Table 4.
Logistic regression analysis for subjects aged 65 or more (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Female | 0.746 | (0.686, 0.811) | 0.831 | (0.758, 0.910) | 0.813 | (0.741, 0.891) |
| Income low (20%) | ||||||
| <20% | 1.303 | (1.184, 1.434) | 1.278 | (1.160, 1.408) | 1.242 | (1.126, 1.369) |
| ≥20% | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Residence | ||||||
| Urban | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Rural | 0.945 | (0.868,1.028) | 0.912 | (0.837, 0.993) | 0.911 | (0.836, 0.993) |
| Comorbidity * | ||||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.727 | (1.582, 1.886) | 1.306 | (1.19, 1.434) | 1.278 | (1.164, 1.404) |
| Hypertension | 1.748 | (1.583, 1.929) | 1.298 | (1.168, 1.443) | 1.284 | (1.155, 1.427) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.145 | (1.052, 1.246) | 0.908 | (0.828, 0.995) | 0.895 | (0.816, 0.982) |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 1.942 | (1.683, 2.241) | 1.531 | (1.323, 1.771) | 1.469 | (1.269, 1.702) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 4.010 | (3.532, 4.553) | 2.652 | (2.32, 3.032) | 2.473 | (2.159, 2.833) |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 1.511 | (1.378, 1.656) | 1.153 | (1.047, 1.269) | 1.105 | (1.003, 1.216) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 2.884 | (2.588, 3.215) | 1.876 | (1.669, 2.109) | 1.769 | (1.572, 1.991) |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | 1.217 | (1.116, 1.328) | 0.951 | (0.869, 1.041) | 0.819 | (0.747, 0.898) |
| Antiplatelet/Anticoagulant * | ||||||
| Antiplatelet User | 1.217 | (1.118, 1.324) | 1.062 | (0.969, 1.163) | 1.025 | (0.935, 1.124) |
| Anticoagulant User | 1.501 | (1.336, 1.687) | 1.274 | (1.125, 1.443) | 1.218 | (1.074, 1.382) |
| By surgery types | ||||||
| Head and Neck (major) | 7.749 | (4.937, 12.163) | 7.384 | (4.696, 11.609) | 4.160 | (2.613, 6.622) |
| Head and Neck (minor) | 0.674 | (0.402, 1.131) | 0.672 | (0.401, 1.127) | 0.540 | (0.321, 0.908) |
| Cardiovascular (major) | 15.011 | (11.623, 19.387) | 9.218 | (7.068, 12.024) | 5.760 | (4.357, 7.617) |
| Gastrointestinal (major) | 13.629 | (10.974, 16.928) | 11.093 | (8.912, 13.807) | 10.010 | (7.962, 12.587) |
| Gastrointestinal (minor) | 3.236 | (2.522, 4.152) | 2.690 | (2.094, 3.456) | 2.302 | (1.785, 2.968) |
| Genitourinary (major) | 3.757 | (2.556, 5.523) | 2.769 | (1.880, 4.079) | 2.347 | (1.585, 3.476) |
| Gynecological (major) | 0.928 | (0.468, 1.840) | 0.996 | (0.501, 1.980) | 1.115 | (0.561, 2.219) |
| Orthopedic (major) | 3.497 | (2.830, 4.320) | 2.906 | (2.341, 3.608) | 2.300 | (1.842, 2.873) |
| Orthopedic (minor) | 1.991 | (0.277, 14.332) | 1.895 | (0.263, 13.669) | 1.627 | (0.225, 11.783) |
| Others (minor) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Postoperative drugs user * | ||||||
| Acetaminophen/NSAIDs | 0.580 | (0.533, 0.631) | 0.716 | (0.653, 0.786) | ||
| Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor | 0.994 | (0.881, 1.122) | 0.962 | (0.840, 1.101) | ||
| Anticonvulsant | 1.017 | (0.854, 1.210) | 0.924 | (0.771, 1.107) | ||
| Antidepressant | 0.961 | (0.757, 1.221) | 0.920 | (0.721, 1.174) | ||
| Opioid | 1.854 | (1.698, 2.025) | 0.889 | (0.807, 0.980) | ||
| Steroid | 1.641 | (1.491, 1.806) | 1.421 | (1.280, 1.577) | ||
| Mucosal Protective Agents | 1.844 | (1.696, 2.005) | 1.902 | (1.743, 2.074) | ||
| H2 Receptor Antagonist | 0.899 | (0.825, 0.979) | 1.201 | (1.097, 1.314) | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitor | 3.635 | (3.335, 3.962) | 2.949 | (2.691, 3.233) | ||
| Antacid | 1.067 | (0.980, 1.162) | 1.215 | (1.108, 1.332) | ||
Model 1 is a nonadjusted analysis for each variable, Model 2 includes baseline characteristics before surgery (age, sex, income, residence, comorbid conditions, and antiplatelet/anticoagulant drug use) and surgery type, and Model 3 additionally included postoperative drug use, including analgesic use and gastrointestinal medication. * Nondrug users and without comorbidities are references.