Table 1.
Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) used as biofertilizers in vegetable production.
| PGPR | Vegetable Crop | Mode of Treatment | Effect on Crops | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Spinacia oleracea | Soil treatment | Mitigated lead toxicity | [95] |
| B. pumilus SE34 | Solanum lycopersicum | Seed treatment | Induced systemic response during infection | [96] |
| Jeotgalicoccus huakuii NBRI 13E | S. lycopersicum, Abelmoschus esculentus, Zea mays | Seed treatment and foliar spray | Increased yield and ameliorated salt stress | [97] |
| B. pumilus strain SE34 or B. amyloliquefaciens strain IN937a or B. subtilus strain IN937 | S. lycopersicum | Seed treatment and soil drenching | Induced resistance against CMV virus | [98] |
| Rhizobium spp. | S. lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa | Seed treatment | Increased biomass | [99,100] |
| Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum | S. oleracea | Soil and seed treatment | Ensured efficient absorption of P, water, and other microelements to alleviate water stress and resist fungal diseases | [101,102] |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | L. esculentum | Spraying on leaves | Induced systemic resistance against tomato leaf curl virus disease | [103] |
| Bacillus cereus | S. lycopersicum | Soil drenching | Biotic stress resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv | [104] |
| Paenibacillus alvei and Bacillus velezensis | Sorghum bicolor | Seed treatment | Resistance to water stress and crown rot disease caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum | [105] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Arachis hypogea | Seed treatment | Produced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase to confer resilience against salinity stress | [106] |
| PGPR Bacillus subtilis (RS2) and Bacillus spp. (RS7) | C. annuum | Seedling treatment | Increased productivity | [107] |
| Bacillus tequilensis | S. lycopersicum | Seedling and soil drenching | Produced ACC deaminase to confer resilience against salinity stress | [108] |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Achromobacter spp. | S. tuberosum | Potato tuber coating | Increased P solubilization, indole acetic acid, hydrogencyanide, and ammonia | [109] |
| Pseudomonas spp. PS1 | Vigna radiate | Seed treatment | Increased plant biomass, yield, and protein content | [110] |
| B. amyloliquefaciens | S. lycopersicum | Seed treatment | Resistance from bacterial wilt of tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum) | [111] |
| Bacillus cereus BC1AW and Pseudomonas putida PP3WT | S. lycopersicum | Seedling treatment | Ameliorated bacterial wilt disease | [112] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Solanum tuberosum | Soil treatment | Protection from Ralstonia solanacearum pathogen. Reduced bacterial wilt incidence and improved growth | [113] |
| Trichoderma viride ES1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Bak150 | S. tuberosum | Foliar spray | Suppressed early blight disease and increased yield | [114] |
| Trichoderma spp. | Brassica oleracea | - | [115] | |
| Trichoderma spp. | S. lycopersicum | Seed priming and soil treatment | Protection from F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | [116] |
| T. harzianum+Pseudomonas spp. | S. lycopersicum | - | Protection from Sclerotium rolfsii | [117] |
| T. viride+T. harzianum+P. fluorescens+Azotobacter spp. + Azospirillum spp. + PSB | S. lycopersicum | Seed treatment and soil drenching | Disease management and protection from Pythium aphanidermatum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | [118] |
| Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma spp. | S. lycopersicum, S. melongena | Seed treatment | Protection from Fusarium infection through secretion of extracellular cell-wall-degrading enzymes | [119,120] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | A. sesculentus | Seed and soil treatment | Protection from Rhizoctonia solani by the producing siderophores, HCN, and indole acetic acid | [121] |
| Lactic acid bacteria | C. annuum | Soil drenching and foliar spray | Protection from black rot by producing siderophores | [122] |
| Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus megaterium | Cucumis sativus | Seedling treatment and foliar spray | Improved fruit quality | [123] |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis | C. sativus | Seed treatment | Protection from damping off by producing antibiotics and metabolites and inducing systemic resistance | [124] |
| Chaetomium globosum, Burkholderia cepacia | S. tuberosum, C. annuum | Soil drenching and foliar spray | Protection from late blight disease by producing endo- and exo-glucanases; antimicrobial activity of organic acids | [125,126] |
| Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens | S. tuberosum | Seed treatment and foliar spray | Protection from early blight caused by Alternaria solani but active biomolecules not yet determined | [127] |
| Bacillus subtilis | C. sativus | Soilless potting mix drenching | Disease suppression against anthracnose disease | [128] |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Agrobacterium fabrum | Momordica charantia | Seed coating | Immobilized Cd in Cd-rich soil to improve growth | [95] |
| Bacillus velezensis isolates (Y6 and F7) | S. lycopersicum | Soil and seed treatment | Protection from fungal infections by producing antibiotic compounds | [129] |
CMV, Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus; P, Phosphorous; HCN, Hydrogen cyanide; Cd, Cadmium.