Table 5.

Antioxidant effects (including photo-oxidative stresses) of phlorotannins.

Compounds	Origin	Antioxidant Effects	Test System	Dosage *	Reference
Dieckol	E. cava	Suppress UAB radiation induced photo-oxidative stress.	Human fibroblaste cell	5, 50, 250 μM.	[59]
		Suppress UV-B radiation induced cell damages (both DNA damage and nuclear fragmentation).	Human fibroblaste cell	5, 50, 250 μM.
Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC)	Brown algae.	DPHC can scavenge UV-B radiation induced ROS; with more DPHC added into the treatment, cell viability was uplifted.	Human fibroblast cells	5, 50, 250 μM.	[62]
Dieckol	E. cava	Suppress cell damage induced by UV-B radiation in vitro. Suppress the level of ROS, nitric oxide (NO) and cell death all stimulated by UV-B radiation.	HaCaT cells	5, 50, 100, and 250 μM.	[63]
Phlorotannin extract (PE)	E. cava	Suppress levels of ROS and NO induced by UV-B radiation. In addition, cell death rate can be reduced by pre-treating zebra fish embryos with PE.	Zebra fish	5, 50, 100, and 250 μM.	[63]
Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC)	I. okamurae	Suppress high glucose-induced oxidative stress. Suppress level of ROS (reactive oxygen species), NO (nitric oxide) induced by high glucose.	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	5, 25, and 50 μM.	[105,118]
		Suppress high glucose induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation.	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	5, 25, and 50 μM.

* Blank was used as negative control in all the cited research.