Table 2.
Viral receptors and its potential application for treatment of human pathologies with overexpression of viral receptor.
| Virus | Receptor of Fusion Protein | Localization in Normal Cells | Potential Application for Treatment of Human Pathologies with Upregulation of Viral Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|
| Influensa Mumps virus Human parainfluenza viruses |
Sialic acid receptors | Ciliated epithelial cells [101,102,103] |
Alteration in sialic acid processing that leads to an upregulation of sialylated glycans and its receptors in many tumors [104] |
| Hepatitis B virus | Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide (NTCP) | Hepatocytes [105] | Use in target therapy for liver fibrosis and cancer [106] |
| Hepatitis C virus | CD81 tetraspanin, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1) | Hepatocytes [107] | CD81 increases the progression of prostate cancer [108] High SR-B1 expression is observe in lung adenocarcinoma [109] |
| Rous sarcoma virus Vesicular stomatitis virus |
Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) | Bronchial epithelial cells [110] Epithelial cells [111] |
Increased LDLR expression in Prostate cancer [112] and breast cancer [113] |
| Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) | CD209, CD4 | T cells [114] | Targeting to HIV infected cells. B and T cell lymphoma [115] |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | IGF1R, CX3CR1 | Bronchial epithelial cells [116,117] | Broad types and a range of cancers [118] |
| Human T-lymphotropic virus | glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) | T cells [119] | Broad types and a range of cancers [120] |
| Measles morbillivirus | CD150 | Immune cells [121] | Tumors of the Central Nervous System [122] |
| Nipah virus Hendra virus |
EphrinB2 | Endothelial and smooth muscle cells in arterial vessels [123] | Uterine endometrial cancers [124] |
| Coronavirus | ACE2 | Small intestine, testis, kidneys, lungs. [125] | Expression of ACE2 was highest in renal cell carcinoma [126] |
| Zaire ebolavirus Marburg virus |
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) | Kidney & urinary bladder, intestine [127] | TIM-1 overexpression in human non-small-cell lung cancer [128] |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Lassa virus |
α-dystroglycan | Female and Muscle tissues [129,130] | Muscular diseases treatment [131] |
| Lujo mammarenavirus | neuropilin-2 (NRP2) | Female and Male tissues [132] | Overexpression in breast cancer [133] |
| Rubella virus | Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) | Oligodendrocyte [134] | Glioma [135] Multiple sclerosis [136] |
| Venezuelan Equine encephalitis virus | Low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain-containing 3 (LDLRAD3) | Neuronal cells [137] | Breast Cancer [138] |
| Dengue virus West Nile virus | Mannose-binding receptor (MR), CD209 | Dendritic cells, Macrophage [139,140] | Gastric cancer [141] |
| Japanese Encephalitis Virus | PLVAP and GKN3 | Dendritic cells, Macrophage [142] | PLVAP was upregulated in tumors of the brain, lungs, breasts, stomach, liver, pancreas, colon, small intestine, kidneys, ovaries, prostate, uterus, skin and lymph nodes [143] |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus | Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP2R) | Nerve cells [144] | Gastrointestinal Tumors [145] |
| Rabies virus | Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (mGluR2) | Nerve cells [146] | Prostate Cancer [147] Glioma [148] |
| Variola virus | CD98 | Epithelial cells [149] | B cell lymphomas [150] |
| Herpes simplex virus | Heparan sulfate (HS) | Epithelial cells [151] | Colorectal Cancer [152] |
| Mouse mammary tumor virus | Transferrin receptor 1 | Mammary epithelial cells [153] | TFR1 is abundantly expressed in liver, breast, lung and colon cancer cells [154] |
| Syncytin-1 | Na-dependent amino acid transporter 2 (ASCT2) | ASCT2 expression increases in highly proliferative cells such as inflammatory and stem cells [155] | Colorectal Cancer [156] |