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. 2021 Nov 4;13(11):1867. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111867

Table 1.

Role of MNPs in TME modulation.

Nanoparticle Formulation Therapeutic Action Properties References
MnO2 Hypoxia relief Catalyzes intratumorally H2O2 and generates O2 [66]
MnO2 + GoX Hypoxia relief Reduces glucose content and improves oxygen availability by catalyzing H2O2 [67]
MnO2 Hypoxia relief Improves the therapeutic efficacy by increasing oxygen content [63,68]
MnO2 + Fe3O4/SiO2 Hypoxia relief Oxygen boosters; release hypoxia by degrading H2O2 [69]
Pt nanoparticles + Zirconium shells Hypoxia relief Reduce tumor hypoxia and convert O2 into cytotoxic ROS [70]
Pt-CuS Janus nanoconstruct Hypoxia relief Regulates the catalytic activity using Pt and improves the efficiency of sonodynamic therapy [71]
Pt+ self-assembled micelle using Ce6 and PEG along with UCNPs Hypoxia relief Increases oxygen production and effectively generates ROS upon exposure to a 980 nm laser for tumor clearance
Photo-chemotherapy of the tumor hypoxic environment
[72]
Fe2O3 + SiO2 and Au2O3 Hypoxia relief Improves the anticancer effects of dox by modulating tumor hypoxia via light induced O2 production [73]
CuO @ ZrO2coreshell Hypoxia relief CuO in the core shell ameliorates tumor hypoxia by improving oxygen level and boosting chemotherapy [74]
Iron Oxide Thermal ablation Passive heat production for improved eradication of tumor microenvironment by inductively coupled plasma and AMF [75,76]
Gold Thermal ablation Thermal ablation was achieved by delivering shortwave radiofrequency in order to destroy the tumor cells [77,78]
Gold Thermal ablation The photothermal ability of internalized gold nanoparticles has been used to synergistically eradicate cancer cells [79]
Gold nanostars Thermal ablation Exhibit improved photothermal ability upon internalization into endosomes both in vitro and in vivo [80]
Silver Hybrid nanocomplex Thermal ablation Upon irradiation with an 840 nm laser, the hybrid nanocomplex was found to exhibit an increase in temperature levels, leading to cell death [81]
Palladium Thermal ablation PDT/PTT combination therapy is effective in reducing tumor size compared with single therapy [82]
Gold-silver nanocage ROS generation Owing to excessive production of ROS, the nanocomplex destroys the cell membrane, leading to apoptosis [83]
MgO ROS generation Aids in lipid peroxidation and leads to apoptosis [61]
CuO ROS generation Cell death occurs due to the increased production of ROS [84]
ZnO ROS generation Varying concentrations of ZnO increases the levels of various ROS, leading to cell death [85]
ZnO ROS generation Combined anticancer and antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles via ROS generation [86]
MgO GSH depletion Helps reduce GSH concentration in the tumor cells and aids in tumor destruction [87]
MnO2 GSH depletion Depletes the intracellular levels of GSH, thus improving the efficacy of chemodynamic therapy [54]
Cu-TCPP MOF GSH depletion Efficiently degrades the intracellular GSH and converts it into oxidized glutathione [59]