Table 8.

Routing protocol characteristics comparison.

Characteristics	TMR	EGSR [22]	QMR [16]	FF-AOMDV [11]	ISR [24]	AOMDV
Clock Synchronization	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
GPS	No	Yes, required as it is geographic aware protocol	Yes, acquire position	NO	Yes, required for positioning the head node	No
Energy optimization	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
Scalability approach	Road segmentation	Road segmentation	No	No	Road segmentation	No
Routing Discovery	Reactive protocol	Proactive protocol, based on $t_{ant}$	Hybrid protocol, Q-learning with variable $\alpha$ and $\gamma$	Reactive protocol	Proactive protocol	Reactive protocol
RTT	Yes	NO	NO	NO	NO	NO