Table 1.

Comparison between DSRC, 5G-cellular, and Wi-Fi 6 technologies.

Features	DSRC	5G-Cellular Technology	Wi-Fi 6
Latency	Low latency and high reliability in less-congested areas [49].	Latency is considered stable in comparison to DSRC. Expected <1 ms.	2–3 ms [50].
Communication Range	300–1000 m.	Up to 2000 m.	50 m indoors and 300 m outdoors [51].
Benefits	Established and deployed technology. Have an allocated 5.9 GHz spectrum. Perform well in harsh weather conditions [52].	Maximum download data rate can reach up to 4.5 Gb/s [53]. Covers a large area and is suitable for long-range applications.	Higher spectral efficiency/channel capacity. Broader outdoor coverage.
Challenges	Short-term V2I interconnection. Low scalability in dense traffic environments. Unfairness in acquiring resources.	High communication cost. No established dedicated standard. Interference at low-level altitude. Centralized architecture of cellular networks.	Lower coverage range.