Table 9.
Results for panel data quantile regressions with the variables in growth rates (encompassing climate change) worldwide over the periods of 2000–2013 and 2014–2020.
| Prevalence of Undernourishment (Percent) (3-Year Average) | 2000–2013 | 2014–2020 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | z | p > |z| | Coefficient | z | p > |z| | |
| Quantile 0.10 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | 0.018 | 0.190 | 0.851 | 0.726 ** | 2.400 | 0.017 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.444 * | −42.520 | 0.000 | −3.049 * | −2.660 | 0.008 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.004 *** | 1.710 | 0.087 | 0.007 | 0.440 | 0.658 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | 0.336 * | 2.990 | 0.003 | 1.596 | 1.110 | 0.267 |
| Temperature change (°C) | 0.000 | 0.210 | 0.836 | −0.013 | −0.500 | 0.615 |
| Quantile 0.20 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | 0.007 | 0.160 | 0.877 | 0.430 | 1.640 | 0.100 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.527 * | −39.840 | 0.000 | −3.248 * | −2.870 | 0.004 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.003 * | 4.690 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 1.270 | 0.205 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | −0.206 * | −5.320 | 0.000 | 3.117 | 1.430 | 0.153 |
| Temperature change (°C) | 0.000 | −0.200 | 0.844 | 0.001 | 0.040 | 0.965 |
| Quantile 0.30 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.147 * | −10.660 | 0.000 | 0.557 ** | 2.210 | 0.027 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.042 * | −28.890 | 0.000 | −4.736 * | −4.110 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.003 * | 11.760 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 1.460 | 0.145 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | −0.012 | −0.850 | 0.397 | 6.153 ** | 2.310 | 0.021 |
| Temperature change (°C) | −0.002 * | −11.510 | 0.000 | −0.011 | −0.320 | 0.748 |
| Quantile 0.40 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.049 ** | −1.970 | 0.049 | 0.300 | 0.810 | 0.418 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.310 * | −28.600 | 0.000 | −3.971 * | −3.500 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.003 * | 18.460 | 0.000 | −0.009 | −1.390 | 0.164 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | −0.101 | −0.820 | 0.411 | 6.022 *** | 1.720 | 0.085 |
| Temperature change (°C) | −0.001 * | −2.580 | 0.010 | −0.015 | −0.480 | 0.631 |
| Quantile 0.50 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.059 * | −3.180 | 0.001 | −0.076 | −0.800 | 0.422 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.387 * | −20.700 | 0.000 | −1.758 * | −11.230 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.003 * | 6.670 | 0.000 | −0.002 * | −4.270 | 0.000 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | −0.246 * | −3.630 | 0.000 | 0.482 * | 3.530 | 0.000 |
| Temperature change (°C) | −0.002 * | −31.530 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.450 | 0.654 |
| Quantile 0.60 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.040 | −1.500 | 0.132 | −0.130 | −1.410 | 0.158 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.526 * | −19.960 | 0.000 | −2.682 * | −11.300 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.004 * | 8.610 | 0.000 | −0.009 * | −3.040 | 0.002 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | 0.006 | 0.040 | 0.971 | 0.776 * | 4.590 | 0.000 |
| Temperature change (°C) | −0.001 * | −2.980 | 0.003 | 0.012 * | 5.760 | 0.000 |
| Quantile 0.70 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.033 *** | −1.780 | 0.074 | 0.245 | 1.400 | 0.162 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.441 * | −17.780 | 0.000 | −2.323 * | −3.620 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.004 * | 9.720 | 0.000 | −0.008 | −1.200 | 0.230 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | −0.046 | −0.890 | 0.371 | 1.874 * | 2.890 | 0.004 |
| Temperature change (°C) | −0.001 * | −6.520 | 0.000 | −0.003 | −0.270 | 0.787 |
| Quantile 0.80 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.041 ** | −2.240 | 0.025 | 0.154 | 0.860 | 0.388 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.336 * | −34.910 | 0.000 | −3.278 * | −3.660 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.003 * | 4.650 | 0.000 | −0.002 | −0.590 | 0.553 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | 0.053 | 0.400 | 0.688 | 0.978 | 0.840 | 0.401 |
| Temperature change (°C) | −0.002 * | −3.050 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.230 | 0.816 |
| Quantile 0.90 | ||||||
| Gross domestic product per capita, PPP, dissemination (constant 2011 international $) | −0.044 | −1.300 | 0.194 | −0.065 | −1.050 | 0.294 |
| Average protein supply (g/cap/day) (3-year average) | −2.314 * | −22.000 | 0.000 | −3.601 * | −12.630 | 0.000 |
| Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism (index) | 0.005 * | 16.760 | 0.000 | −0.001 | −0.630 | 0.531 |
| Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services (Percent) | −0.212 ** | −2.050 | 0.040 | −1.012 * | −2.890 | 0.004 |
| Temperature change (°C) | 0.000 | 0.170 | 0.863 | 0.021 *** | 1.740 | 0.083 |
| Mean VIF = 1.030 | ||||||
Note: *, statistically significant at 1%; **, statistically significant at 5%; ***, statistically significant at 10%.