Table 1.

Biological fluids and tissues (‘matrices’) suitable for assessing human exposure to each investigated chemical substance.

Substance	Measurement Matrix
As [10]	Urine, blood, sometimes measured in hair, nails
Cd [10,17,18,19]	Urine: long-term accumulation and exposure, blood: short-term exposure, sometimes measured in hair, nails, saliva, breast milk, placenta, or meconium
Pb [10,18,20,21]	Blood: recent exposure, bone: long-term exposure, urine: long-term occupational exposure, sometimes measured in hair, nails, saliva, breast milk, placenta, or meconium
Hg [10,18]	Urine, blood, hair, nails, sometimes measured in breast milk or meconium
Pesticides [10,18]	Urine: short-term exposure, blood: body burden of persistent organochlorine pesticides, sometimes measured in hair: long-term exposure, or in breast milk, meconium, or placenta