Table 1.

Microbiota’s metabolites and their effect of on intestinal wound healing.

Metabolite	Effect	Reference
Indoles	Induction of IL-10 signaling and inhibition of excessive neutrophil myeloperoxidase production	[128,129]
Tuberonic acid	Prevents LPS-induced inflammation by decreasing the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and by increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-22	[130]
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)	Increase goblet cell differentiation, mucus production, enhance epithelial proliferation and differentiation, and support the epithelial barrier upon tissue damage	[131,132,133]
L-lactate	Promotes migration of intestinal epithelial cells, by enhancing their mitochondrial ATP production. Ameliorates colitis in mice, by inducing the expression of Cdc42 and Pak1.	[134]
Purines	Protect against colitis, by altering the metabolic profile and enhancing the ATP biosynthesis. Enhance epithelial proliferation and barrier integrity.	[20,135]