Table 2.

The effects of probiotics on intestinal wound healing.

Probiotics	In Vivo or In Vitro Model	Outcome	Reference
L. Rhamnosus CNCM I-3690	DNBS-colitis mouse model	Goblet cell replenishment and mucus production amplification	[139]
L. acidophilus, B. lactis, L. plantarum and B. breve	DSS-colitis mouse model	Goblet cell replenishment and mucus production amplification	[140]
L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus and E. faecium	Caco-2 epithelial cell line	Increased wound healing rate and improved tight junction formation	[141]
L. rhamnosus GG	DSS-colitis in transgenic mice, and SK-CO15 epithelial cell line	Increased wound healing	[117]
L. plantarum	Gastric ulcers model through luminal application of acetic acid	Increased fibroblast migration and proliferation	[142]
L. rhamnosus GG	Alcoholic liver mouse model and Caco-2 epithelial cell line	Restoration of epithelial integrity through the induction of HIF in the epithelial cells	[143]
B. polyfermenticus	DSS-colitis mouse model and human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells	Increased wound healing and enhanced endothelial cell migration, permeability, and tube formation	[150]
L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, and L. delbrueckii, B. breve, longum, and infantis, and Streptococcus salivarius	Gastric ulcers model through luminal application of acetic acid	Promotion of ulcer healing through the induction of VEGF	[151]
E. coli fused with EGF	DSS-colitis mouse model	Increased wound healing of the epithelial layers and decreased disease severity	[152]
L. reuteri	Caco-2 and HT29 epithelial cell lines	Improved wound healing and cell–cell adhesions	[154]