Figure 3.

Elements of 3D printed OC scaffolds. We have identified five main domains of a 3D printed OC scaffold: materials (e.g., natural and synthetic polymers, bioceramics and hydrogels), fabrication method (e.g., material extrusion (ME), electro-spinning (ES), electrowriting and stereolithography (SLA), mechanical function, biological components (e.g., cells–chondrocytes, osteoblasts, stem cells and growth factors) the overall design (e.g., mono or multiphasic) and pattern of each 3D printed layer. Figure created with BioRender.com (10 October 2021).