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. 2021 Nov 17;22(22):12420. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212420

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Design options for an OC scaffold. Categories include mono (one) phase, bi (two) phases, tri (three) phases and >tri (more than three phases). Any combination of number of phases, materials, and cell type can be used to create the ‘ideal’ OC scaffold. For example, chondrocytes (purple) are commonly used in the cartilage phase/s, osteoblasts (green) in the subchondral bone phase/s while MSCs (pink) are used throughout the whole OC scaffold. Figure created with BioRender.com (10 October 21).