Table 2.

Triphasic OC scaffolds.

	Cartilage Phase	Calcified Cartilage Phase	Subchondral Bone Phase	Ref
Material	Methacrylated hyaluronan, isocynatoethyl acrylate−modified β−cyclodextrin, kartogenin	All materials found in cartilage and bone phase	HA, alendronate	[102]
Design	Homogenously casted hydrogel	0°, 90° log pile infiltrated with homogenously casted hydrogel	0°, 90° logpile
Cells	Human bmMSCs *	bmMSCs *	Human bmMSCs *
Material	Cartilage ECM, chitosan	PLGA, TCP	PLGA, TCP	[121]
Design	Orientated casted hydrogel	0°, 90° log pile however ≈ 50 µm spacing between fibers so practically close to a solid disk	0°, 90° logpile
Cells	Goat bmMSCs	Acellular	Goat bmMSCs
Material	Alginate, PLA	Alginate, GelMA, TCP,	PCL	[104]
Design	0°, 90° log pile	0°, 90° log pile	0°, 90° log pile
Cells	Acellular	Acellular	Acellular
Material	PCL, GelMA	PCL + all materials in cartilage phase	α-TCP, nano−HA, hydrogel (either unmodified or modified poloxamer)	[105]
Design	0°, 90° log pile PCL infiltrated with homogenously casted GelMA	0°, −0°, −90°, −90° log pile (cartilage phase) and 0°, 90° log pile (bone phase)	0°, −0°, −90°, −90° log pile
Cells	Articular cartilage progenitor cells (ACPCs)	Acellular	Acellular
Material	Sodium alginate	Sodium alginate, mesoporous bioactive glasses	Sodium alginate, mesoporous bioactive glasses	[107]
Design	0°, 90° log pile	Dense/solid phase	0°, 60° rotation steps
Cells	Acellular	Acellular	Acellular

* Cells were seeded/incorporated into the scaffold to assess cytocompatibility only and do not necessarily represent the whole/final strategy for repair.