Table 3.
In vitro models for the analysis of OC scaffolds.
| In Vitro | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Design | Materials | Elastic Modulus | Degradation | Outcome | Ref |
| Mono-phasic | Insulin, PLGA, polydopamine, PCL | Monophasic scaffold: 233.71 ± 7.57 MPa |
N/A | Significant increase in cell number, alkaline phosphatase, glycosaminoglycan/protein and Alizarin Red after 7–14 days when MSCs and chondrocytes were seeded onto the scaffold. There was also significant increase in SOX-9, collagen I and aggrecan suggesting chondrogenic differentiation and RUNX-2, collagen II and osteocalcin suggesting osteogenic differentiation. |
[190] |
| Biphasic | PLA, PCL, HA, chitosan, silk firoin | Cartilage phase: 1.01 ± 0.04 GPa Bone phase: 1.07 ± 0.16 GPa |
0.33 ± 0.09% after 30 days | Cell viability increased from 125.25 ± 9.36% to 308.28 ± 7.88% from day 1 to 14 respectively. The presence of HA and CS/SF increased cell proliferation. | [119] |
| Biphasic | P(NAGA-co-THMMA) hydrogels, β-TCP | Biphasic scaffold: 16–115 kPa |
N/A | Significant increase in collagen II and aggrecan after 14 days. Significant increase in alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, osteocalcin and RUNX2 after 14 days cultured in non-osteogenic media. | [113] |
| Biphasic | PCL, HA, interleukin-4 GelMA | Biphasic scaffold: 73 ± 1 to 75 ± 3 MPa |
≈75% weight loss in 8 weeks | The cartilage scaffold was anti-inflammatory and had an increase in cell number after 5 days. Increase in RUNX2 and Alizarin Red staining in subchondral phase compared to the control. | [103] |
| Multi-phasic | PCL, PVA gelation, chitosan, nano-HA, | Multiphasic scaffold: 6.2 ± 0.5 MPa (low strain) 70 ± 29 MPa (40% strain) |
≈35% weight loss in 12 weeks | Increase in MSC cell number over 21 days. Greater cell density, proliferation, and migration in the subchondral bone phase over the cartilage. | [165] |