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. 2021 Nov 4;9(11):1278. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9111278

Table 1.

Peptide-based Aβ-, tau-, and α-syn vaccines for neurodegenerative diseases: Peptide epitopes and main formulation components used.

Target/Vaccine Peptide Epitope Carrier Protein/Delivery System Adjuvant Type of Study Reference
Aβ/AN1792 Aβ(1-42) Pre-aggregated peptide QS-21 Clinical [3,5,59,61,62]
Aβ/CAD106 Aβ(1-6) Qβ-VLPs 1 Alum or MF59 Clinical [1,3,4,5,14,61,62,63,64]
Aβ/ACC-001 Aβ(1-7) CRM197 2 QS-21 Clinical [1,3,5,14,61,62,65]
Aβ/Lu AF20513 Aβ(1-12) Tetanus toxoid - Clinical [3,4,5,61,62]
Aβ/UB-311 Aβ(1-14) UBITh 3 Alum + CpG 4 Clinical [3,4,5,14,61,62,66]
Aβ/ACI-24 Aβ(1-15) Liposomes MLPA 5 Clinical [1,3,5,14,61,62]
Aβ/V950 Aβ(1-15) ISCOMATRIX Quil A Clinical [3,61,62,66]
Aβ/ABvac40 Aβ(33-40) KLH 6 Alum Clinical [1,3,4,5,14,61,67]
Aβ/AFFITOPE AD01 Aβ N-terminus
mimotope		 KLH Alum Clinical [3]
Aβ/AFFITOPE AD02 Aβ N-terminus
mimotope		 KLH Alum Clinical [3,5,14,61,62,69]
Aβ/AFFITOPE AD03 Aβ N-terminus mimotope KLH Alum Clinical [3,62]
Tau/AADvac1 Tau(294-305) KLH Alum Clinical [1,3,4,14,61,85,86,87,88]
Tau/ACI-35 Tau(393-408)
[p7396/p404]		 Liposomes MLPA Clinical [1,3,4,14,86,88]
α-Syn/AFFITOPE PD01A α-syn C-terminus
mimotope		 KLH Alum Clinical [14,46,104,105,106,107]
α-Syn/
AFFITOPE PD03A		 α-syn C-terminus
mimotope		 KLH Alum Clinical [14,46,104,105,106]
Aβ Aβ(1-6) BLPs 8 fused with peptidoglycan anchoring domain (PA) - Preclinical [74]
Aβ Aβ(1-6) Norovirus P Particles CpG 5 Preclinical [73]
Aβ Aβ(3-10) KLH CFA/IFA Preclinical [70,71,72]
Aβ Aβ(1-11) Bacterial protein domain E2 Alum Preclinical [80]
Aβ/AV-1959D DNA vaccine Aβ(1-11) MultiTEP 9 - Preclinical [79]
Aβ/Y-5A15 Aβ(1-15) Yeast cells (EBY-100) Preclinical [77]
Aβ Aβ(1-15) Silkworm pupae Cholera toxin
B subunit		 Preclinical [76]
Aβ Aβ(1-6), Aβ(1-15) Multiple antigenic peptide system CFA/IFA 10 Preclinical [75]
Aβ cyclo[Aβ(22-28)-Y 11NGK’]
cyclo[Aβ(23-29)-YNGK’],
cyclo[Aβ(22-29)-YNGK’]		 Tetanus toxoid Alum+MLPA Preclinical [81]
Aβ/AOE1 Oligomer-specific Aβ mimotope peptide Yeast cell (EBY-100) - Preclinical [84]
Aβ Aβ(1-42) CFA+bvPLA2 12 Preclinical [82]
Aβ/
DNA vaccine		 Aβ(1-42) Gold particles - Preclinical [83]
Aβ, Tau Aβ(1-11), Tau(2-18) MultiTEP Advax 13+CpG Preclinical [78]
Aβ, Tau Linear Aβ(1-6), Aβ(1-6)3, Aβ(1-15), Tau(294-305), p7Tau(396-404), pTau422
cycloAβ(1-7), cycloEP1 14, cycloEP2 14 		HBc-VLPs conjugated with peptides via SpyCatcher/SpyTag technology 15 Alum Preclinical [40]
Tau Tau(2-18) MultiTEP Advax+CpG Preclinical [34,92]
Tau Tau(294-305) HBc-VLPs 16 Alum Preclinical [94]
Tau Tau(175-190)[p181] Qβ-VLPs Preclinical [96]
Tau Tau(195-213) [p202/205], Tau(207-220) [p212/214], Tau(224-238) [p231] - CFA+pertussis toxin Preclinical [95]
Tau Tau(379-408) [p396/404] Alum Preclinical [100]
Tau pTau30 [p202/205/238/262], pTau31 [p202/205/396/404] pTau35 [p238/262/396/404] Norovirus P particles CpG+AS01 Preclinical [97]
α-Syn α-Syn(85-99)
α-Syn(109-126)
α-Syn(126-140)		 Tetanus toxoid Quil A Preclinical [111]
α-Syn middle region: C11GGKNEEGAPQ (PD1)
N-terminal:
MDVFMKGLGGC (PD2)
C-terminal: CGGEGYQDYEPEA (PD3)		 Qβ-VLPs - Preclinical [43]

1 Qβ-VLP: Virus-like particles from capsid proteins of Qβ bacteriophage. 2 CRM197: Nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin. 3 UBITh: Two different helper T cell peptide epitopes, MvF5 Th and HBsAg3 Th. 4 CpG: Cytosine phosphoguanosine motif. 5 MLPA: Monophosphoryl lipid A. 6 KLH: Keyhole limpet hemocyanin. 7 p: Phosphorylated amino acid residue(s) at a specific site in the protein sequence. 8 BLPs: Bacterium-like particles. 9 MultiTEP: A platform composed of 12 foreign helper T (Th) cell epitopes. 10 CFA/IFA: Complete Freund’s Adjuvant/Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant. 11 Amino acids shown with the one-letter code. 12 bvPLA2: Bee venom phospholipase A2. 13 Advax: A novel polysaccharide-based adjuvant derived from crystalline particles of delta inulin, a natural plant sugar comprised of fructose and glucose units. 14 EP1, EP2: Special peptide epitopes of Aβ oligomers selected with phage display from random peptide libraries. 15 SpyCatcher/SpyTag technology: A novel method to load particulate epitopes on virus-like particles through the formation of an iso-peptide bond between the SpyCatcher protein and SpyTag peptide. 16 HBc VLP: Virus-like particles from hepatitis B virus core protein.