Table 3.
ECM-mediated endothelial differentiation and function.
| ECM Component | Model | Endothelial Cell Response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Laminin | In vitro | Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into functional endothelial progenitor cells. | [114] |
| Laminin | In vitro | Laminin facilitates in vitro 3D vascular network formation by promoting uptake of VEGF by ECs. | [115] |
| COL IV- multi-component ECM | In vitro | Improved endothelial differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. | [118] |
| Fibronectin | In vitro | EC growth and proliferation was supported by fibronectin coating on vascular grafts. | [121] |
| RGD-modified HA | In vivo | EC migration and proliferation, formation of functional vasculature | [122] |
| dECM | In vitro | endothelial progenitor cells encapsulated in blood vessel-derived dECM exhibited higher proliferation capability and enhanced vascular network formation. | [123] |
| dECM | In vitro | In vitro EC cell seeding and implantation in rats. EC culture growth was sustained for 8 weeks, ECM preserved. | [100] |
| dECM | In vivo | Hybrid ECM promoted proliferation and migration of HUVECs, significantly inhibited immune response and calcification, exhibited stability and biocompatibility compared to non-hybrid leaflet. | [124] |
| Heparin | In vitro | Surfaces covalently immobilized with heparin promoted endothelial cell growth and inhibited SMCs. | [125] |
| Fb/COL/LA/FN | In vitro | High EC cell densities were achieved in 7 days of culture | [126] |
| Fibrin Fragment E (FbnE) | In vitro | Increased adhesion and endothelial differentiation. | [127] |
| COL Coated PCL Membrane | In vitro | Continuous EC monolayer was observed on collagen coated membrane. ECs exhibited filopodia protruding from lamellipodia in the junctional areas on the collagen-coated membranes. | [128] |
| Matrigel Matrix Comprising of LA, COL IV, Heparen Sulfate Proteoglycans | Ischemic mouse model | Improved neovasculature formation, promote cell growth, proliferation and differentiation of ECs. | [129] |
| Cardiogel Composed of LA, FN and Interstitial COL I and IV | In vivo | ECM components promote growth of ECs and CMs, spontaneous contractile activity and phenotypic morphological differentiation. | [130] |
Abbreviations: VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor); EC (endothelial cells); ECM (extracellular matrix); DCA (deoxycholic acid); MI (myocardial Infarction); nmECM (ECM derived from neonatal mouse hearts); cdECM (cardiac decellularized ECM); iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell); dECM (decellularized ECM); hd ECM (heart tissue-derived ECM); (AdMSCs) adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HA (hyaluronic acid); Fb (fibrin); LA (laminin); FN (fibronectin); COL (collagen); PCL (polycaprolactone).