Table 2.
Summary of clinical/demographic characteristics (mean ± SD) of the groups at the baseline (T0).
| Gender/n | Age (Years)/n | Time Since Stroke/n | FMA-UE | MI | B&B | FAT | MAS | NRS | BI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder | Elbow | Wrist | ||||||||||
| Exoskeleton (n = 65) |
M/37 | <50: 12 | early-subacute: 17 | 21 ± 5 | 41 ± 10 | 56 ± 13 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 22 ± 5 |
| 50–70: 32 | late-subacute: 26 | 17 ± 3 | 38 ± 7 | 47 ± 09 | 2 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 34 ± 7 | ||
| F/28 | >70: 21 | chronic: 22 | 19 ± 4 | 45 ± 9 | 55 ± 12 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 52 ± 11 | |
| End-effector (n = 40) |
M/22 | <50: 6 | early-subacute: 26 | 19 ± 4 | 48 ± 9 | 55 ± 11 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 53 ± 10 |
| 50–70: 19 | late-subacute: 7 | 35 ± 13 | 58 ± 22 | 94 ± 36 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 44 ± 17 | ||
| F/18 | >70: 15 | chronic: 7 | 29 ± 11 | 37 ± 14 | 52 ± 2 | 1 ± 0.4 | 1 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 1 | 51 ± 19 | |
Legend: number, n; male, M; female, F; Fugl-Meyer Assessment for the upper extremity, FMA-UE; Motricity Index, MI; Box & Block Test, B&B; Numerical Rating Scale, NRS; Frenchay Arm Test, FAT; Barthel Index, BI; Modified Ashworth Scale, MAS; standard deviation, SD.