Table 2.

Summary of outcomes.

Author and Reference	Outcomes	Specific Outcome	Quality
HYE-JIN KIM [21]	Smartphone addiction was significantly associated with total accidents, falling/slipping, and bumps/collisions	Accident	Fair
Yeon-Jin Kim [22]	SA had a stronger relationship with depression and anxiety, stronger than IA	Depression and anxiety	Fair
DEOKJONG LEE [23]	Small GMV in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) was correlated with an increasing tendency to be immersed in smartphone use	Gray matter abnormalities	Fair
JeonHyeong Lee [24]	Significant differences in the cervical repositioning errors of flexion, extension, and right and left lateral flexion were found among the Normal Group, Moderate Addiction Group, and Severe Addiction Group	Musculoskeletal problems	Fair
Kyung Eun Lee [25]	For both men and women, increases in smartphone dependency were associated with increased anxiety scores	Anxiety	Fair
Yeon-Seop Lee [26]	Using smartphones continuously over long periods raises pressure on the median nerve and increases the probability of occurrence of CTS	Carpal tunnel syndrome	Poor
Mi Jung Rho [27]	Mental health problems were related to problematic smartphone use: (1) self-control (66%), (2) anxiety (25%), (3) depression (7%), and (4) dysfunctional impulsivities (3%)	Psychiatric symptoms	Fair
Aljohara A. Alhassan [28]	Significantly higher smartphone addiction scores were associated with younger aged users. Factors associated with higher depression scores were high school-educated users (β = −2.03, adj. p = 0.01) compared to the university educated group and users with higher smart phone addiction scores (β = 0.194, adj. p < 0.001).	Depression	Fair
Alosaimi, F. D. [29]	At least 43% had decreased sleeping hours and experienced a lack of energy the next day, 30% had an unhealthy lifestyle (ate more fast food, gained weight, and exercised less)	Risk of sedentary behavior	Fair
Dalia El-Sayed [30]	A significant positive correlation was found between PUMP score and depression and trait anxiety scores, duration of owning a smartphone, and average duration of each daily call.	Depression and trait anxiety	Good
Jon D. Elhai [31]	35.9% of our sample reported that they felt tired during day due to late-night smartphone use, 38.1% of them acknowledged that their sleep quality decreased, and 35.8% admitted that they slept less than four hours due to smartphone use more than once	Anxiety	Good
Yuanming Hu [32]	A primary understanding of white matter characteristics in SPD indicated that the structural deficits might link to behavioral impairments	Lower white matter integrity	Fair
Jon D. Elhai [33]	COVID-19 anxiety correlated with severity of PSU, depression, and anxiety 12% of participants were identified with at least moderate depression, and 24% with moderate anxiety	COVID-19 anxiety	Good
Linbo Zhuang [34]	Cervical disc degeneration may be associated with excessive smartphone use	cervical disc degeneration	Good
Yasemin P. Demir [35]	There was a negative correlation between MPPUS and PSQI (r = −0.367, p less than 0.05); a strong positive correlation between MPPUS and ESS (r = 0.675, p less than 0.05); and a negative correlation between MPPUS and 24-h MQoLQ (r = −0.508, p less than 0.05)	Increased headache duration, poor sleep quality	Fair
KADİR DEMİRCİ [36]	Smartphone Addiction Scale scores of females were significantly higher than those of males Depression, anxiety, and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the high smartphone use group than in the low smartphone use group	Depression, anxiety, and daytime dysfunction	Fair
Ayse Gokce [37]	There is a mild, significant, positive correlation between the PU and LSAS scores of the students who participated in the study No significant relationship was found between the PU and EAT scores in the study group Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale total scores showed a significant correlation with smoking	Increased smoking	Fair
Betul Ozcan [38]	Frequency of poor sleep quality was significantly higher in students with smartphone addiction compared to others	Poor sleep quality	Good
S HariPriya [39]	A moderately positive significant correlation between smartphone addiction and sleep quality was shown	Poor sleep quality, less physical activity	Good
Hsien-Yuan Lane [40]	With addiction to smartphones, higher risk of psychological distress and poor sleep quality was found, which is inconsistent with a previous report that more and more young adults report poor sleep quality in a higher percentage when they become addicted to smartphones	Psychological distress, poor sleep quality	Good
Anna Maria [41]	Social anxiety was significantly and positively related to PSU	Social anxiety	Fair
Jon D. Elhai [42]	Worry and anger may be helpful constructs in understanding the phenomenology of PSU, and psychological interventions for worry and anger may offset PSU	Worry and anger	Good
Matteo Megna [43]	Smartphone overuse was found to be linked with higher signs of inflammation	Psoriatic arthritis	Fair
Arunrat TangmunkongvorakulI [44]	Female students had scores for psychological well-being that were, on average, 1.24 points higher than the scores of male students (p < 0.001)	Psychological well-being	Fair
Zaheer Hussain [45]	The average time spent on a smartphone per day was 190.6 min (SD = 138.6) Problematic smartphone use was positively related to time spent on the smartphone and anxiety	Anxiety	Good
MILES RICHARDSON [46]	PSUS was not found to have diagnostic ability for high levels of anxiety	Connectedness with nature and anxiety	Fair
Asem A. Alageel [47]	65.9% of the participants who were identified as having high smartphone use had no depression, whereas 10.3% had severe depression, 16.1% had moderately severe depression, and 7.7% had moderate depression A significant correlation between the severity of insomnia and smartphone use 47.8% of the participants with high smartphone use had ADHD symptoms	Insomnia, depression, adult ADHD	Fair