Figure 5.

Radar chart: causes of litigations. The Radar chart shows two polygons, demonstrating the most common reasons of litigations (blue polygon: improper intraoperative surgical performance; pink: improper post-operative management injury). The blue polygon has the largest area, showing that, in effect, the improper intraoperative surgical performance is the most common cause of litigations. The smaller pink polygon is very asymmetrical for the heterogeneity of the rate, as reported in Table 3. The other two causes (incorrect presurgical assessment or unnecessary surgery) are very uncommonly reported, and the rate of occurrence is particularly low in the studies that analyzed this data; for these reasons, these two polygons (green and yellow) are not presented here.