Table 3.
Exposure Group Differences in Task Performance, ANCOVA Analyses
| Outcome Measure | PME mean (SD) | Non-PME mean (SD) | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| r2 | β | 95% C.I. | p | β | 95% C.I. | p | |||
| Visual Spatial Ability (n=57) | |||||||||
| WPPSI-III Block Design | 7.3(3.3) | 7.7(2.8) | <.01 | −.46 | −2.20, 1.28 | .60 | .64 | −1.18, 2.46 | .48 |
| Bayley – Puzzle Task | 0.3(0.7) | 0.9(0.9) | −.58 | −1.11, 0.0 | .04 | −.16 | −0.76, .44 | .60 | |
| Inhibitory Control and Attention (n=48) | |||||||||
| NIH-TB-Flanker | 97.5(12.6) | 97.9(16.3) | <.01 | −.40 | −10.44, 9.63 | .94 | 1.80 | −9.36, 12.97 | .75 |
| Episodic Memory (n=32) | |||||||||
| NIH-TB – Picture Sequence Memory | 82.7(11.3) | 90.8(19.4) | .03 | −8.15 | −24.95, 8.64 | .33 | −8.07 | −28.26, 12.12 | .42 |
| Receptive Vocabulary (n=57) | |||||||||
| NIH-TB – Picture Vocabulary | 91.6(14.2) | 89.1(14.7) | .01 | 2.49 | −6.25, 11.22 | .57 | 3.84 | −5.75, 13.42 | .42 |
| Cognitive Flexibility (n=39) | |||||||||
| NIH-TB – DCCS | 101.3(7.0) | 97.7(11.8) | .02 | 3.58 | −4.13, 11.30 | .35 | 5.16 | −5.75, 16.07 | .34 |
| Processing Speed (n=53) | |||||||||
| NIH-TB – Pattern Comparison Speed | 77.4(11.6) | 75.5(17.4) | <.01 | 1.91 | −7.86, 11.68 | .70 | −.67 | −11.15, 9.79 | .90 |
| Global Cognitive Ability (n=19) | |||||||||
| NIH-TB – Early Childhood Cognition Composite Score | 94.0(5.0) | 91.6(17.6) | <.01 | 2.44 | −16.63, 21.51 | .79 | 7.06 | −22.99, 37.11 | .61 |
| Working Memory (n=57) | |||||||||
| WPPSI-IV – Picture Memory | 7.1(4.2) | 7.5(4.9) | <.01 | −.43 | −3.25, 2.38 | .76 | .60 | −2.45, 3.64 | .69 |
| Planning Abilities (n=56) | |||||||||
| TOH-Score | 10.0(2.1) | 14.1(4.0) | .01 | −1.20 | −4.18, 1.79 | .42 | −.42 | −4.00, 3.15 | .81 |
| Emotion Regulation (n=56) | |||||||||
| Locked Box - Seeking help | 1.5(.9) | 1.3(.5) | .03 | .23 | −.14, 0.61 | .22 | .19 | −.25, .63 | .39 |
| Locked Box – Distraction | 1.5(.5) | 1.6(.8) | <.01 | −.10 | −0.57, 0.38 | .68 | −.12 | −.70, .47 | .69 |
| Locked Box - Physical negativity | 1.9(1.3) | 1.6(1.0) | .02 | .36 | −.32, 1.04 | .30 | .39 | −.39, 1.17 | .32 |
| Locked Box - Verbal negativity | 1.5(.7) | 1.3(.8) | <.01 | .12 | −.38, .61 | .64 | .21 | −.37, .79 | .47 |
| Locked Box - Resignation | 1.9(.9) | 1.7(1.2) | .01 | .23 | −.48, .93 | .52 | .22 | −.65, 1.08 | .62 |
| Locked Box - Global frustration | 1.8(1.5) | 1.5(.9) | .01 | .30 | −.71, 1.30 | .56 | .61 | −.67, 1.89 | .34 |
| Locked Box - Global regulation | 4.3(1.5) | 4.6(.9) | .01 | −.33 | −1.34, .68 | .51 | −.66 | −1.93, .61 | .30 |
| Locked Box - Time resignation (seconds) | 12.6(15.6) | 15(17.7) | .01 | 4.25 | −5.58, 14.07 | .39 | 5.74 | −6.16, 17.64 | .37 |
| Locked Box - Time frustration (seconds) | 21.6(29.3) | 3.4(10.4) | .04 | 10.90 | −4.31, 26.09 | .16 | 12.30 | −5.68, 30.28 | .17 |
| Aggression (full sample; n=56) | |||||||||
| Bobo-% of closed hits to face | 34% | 17% | .04 | .12 | −.07, .40 | .16 | .08 | −.17, .33 | .54 |
| Bobo- fisted hits to body | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.6 (1.6) | .03 | −.52 | −1.38, .34 | .23 | −.56 | −1.45, .33 | .21 |
| Bobo – fisted hits to face | 2.6 (5.5) | 3.1 (7.9) | <.01 | −.47 | −4.88, 3.94 | .83 | −.90 | −4.83, 3.03 | .65 |
| Bobo – open-hand hits to body | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (2.2) | <.01 | −.20 | −1.37, .97 | .74 | −.35 | −1.73, 1.03 | .61 |
| Bobo – open hand hits to face | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.4 (1.2) | .01 | −.29 | −.94, .37 | .38 | −.25 | −1.03, .53 | .52 |
| Aggression (subsample of children who engaged the doll; n=19) | |||||||||
| Bobo-% of closed hits to face – | 85% | 57% | .11 | .29 | −.13, .71 | .17 | .74 | 0.26, 1.23 | .01 |
| Bobo - fisted hits to body | 0.3 (0.8) | 2.2 (2.4) | .16 | −1.82 | −3.98, 0.34 | .09 | −0.37 | −6.24, 5.50 | .89 |
| Bobo – fisted hits to face | 6.5 (7.3) | 10.2 (11.8) | .03 | −3.65 | −14.75, 7.44 | .50 | 3.65 | −16.10, 23.39 | .68 |
| Bobo – open-hand hits to body | 0.2 (0.4) | 1.5 (3.9) | .04 | −1.37 | −4.80, 2.05 | .41 | −5.65 | −16.76, 5.47 | .26 |
| Bobo – open hand hits to face | 0.5 (0.5) | 1.2 (1.3) | .07 | −0.65 | −1.87, 0.56 | .27 | 0.45 | −1.80, 2.71 | .64 |
*
Adjusted Models include child race, sex, prenatal tobacco exposure, household income, caregiver marital status, and caregiver executive functioning as co-variates.
**
Performance scores that were not age-adjusted (Tower of Hanoi, Locked Box & BoBo) also included child age as a co-variate in adjusted models.
***
The Early Childhood Cognition Composite Score is a composite score consisting of the Picture Vocabulary, Flanker, DCCS, and Picture Sequence Memory, of the NIH Toolbox.
****
WPPSI-III = Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III; NIH-TB = NIH Toolbox; WPSSI-IV = Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence - IV; TOH = Tower of Hanoi.