Table 4.
Exposure Group Differences in Maternal Reports on Child Development and Behavior, ANCOVA Analyses
| Outcome Measure | PME mean (SD) | Non-PME mean (SD) | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| r2 | β | 95% C.I. | p | β | 95% C.I. | p | |||
| Maternal Report on Executive Functioning | |||||||||
| BRIEF-P - Inhibitory Control | 56.5(15.6) | 52.6(10.9) | .02 | 3.84 | −3.32, 11.01 | .29 | 3.96 | −3.73, 11.64 | .31 |
| BRIEF-P - Cognitive Shift | 51.5(9.9) | 52.2(12.4) | <.01 | −.70 | −7.74, 6.34 | .84 | .15 | −7.55, 7.85 | .97 |
| BRIEF-P- Emotional control | 53.4(13.1) | 53.8(13.4) | <.01 | −.43 | −8.30, 7.44 | .91 | 2.63 | −5.04, 10.31 | .49 |
| BRIEF-P - Working memory | 57.5(15.0) | 58.5(14.7) | <.01 | −.95 | −9.68, 7.78 | .83 | −.39 | −10.11, 9.33 | .94 |
| BRIEF-P - Planning / organizing | 52.9(11.6) | 54.3(13.5) | <.01 | −1.47 | −9.25, 6.30 | .71 | −.14 | −8.10, 7.81 | .97 |
| BRIEF-P - Inhibitory Self Control Index | 55.7(14.5) | 53.4(11.8) | .01 | 2.30 | −5.07, 9.66 | .54 | 3.85 | −3.69, 11.40 | .31 |
| BRIEF-P – Flexibility Index | 53.1(11.1) | 53.2(13.1) | <.01 | −.10 | −7.60, 7.41 | .98 | 2.17 | −5.51, 9.85 | .57 |
| BRIEF-P - Emergent metacognition Index | 56.1(14.5) | 56.8(14.3) | <.01 | −.74 | −9.24, 7.76 | .86 | −.04 | −9.04, 8.95 | .99 |
| BRIEF-P - Global Executive Composite | 56.1(14.2) | 54.9(13.5) | <.01 | 1.19 | −6.93, 9.32 | .77 | 2.08 | −6.15, 10.31 | .61 |
| Maternal Report on Child Aggression | |||||||||
| LRRHQ - Non-aggressive | 6.5(3.2) | 7.1(2.7) | .01 | −.53 | −2.21, 1.16 | .53 | −0.78 | −2.76, 1.20 | .43 |
| LRRHQ - Walkaway | 5.9(3.0) | 5.8(2.9) | <.01 | .12 | −1.60, 1.83 | .89 | .40 | −1.61, 2.41 | .69 |
| LRRHQ - Verbal aggression | 7.2(2.0) | 7.5(2.0) | <.01 | −.26 | −1.42, 0.91 | .66 | −.08 | −1.48, 1.32 | .91 |
| LRRHQ - Physical aggression | 4.3(4.3) | 3.8(3.4) | <.01 | .53 | −1.76, 2.81 | .65 | .18 | −2.34, 2.70 | .89 |
| CBCL - Aggression | 13.9(10.4) | 9.2(6.8) | .06 | 4.70 | 0.08, 9.28 | .05 | 5.73 | 0.89, 10.58 | .02 |
| Maternal Report on Child Problem Behaviors | |||||||||
| CBCL - Emotional reactivity | 3.3(3.4) | 2.5(2.6) | .02 | .81 | −.85, 2.47 | .33 | 1.22 | −.55, 2.99 | .17 |
| CBCL - Anxiety | 4.2(3.8) | 3.7(3.3) | .04 | 1.69 | −.36, 3.74 | .10 | 1.37 | −1.02, 3.77 | .26 |
| CBCL - Stress | 2.5(2.3) | 1.9(1.9) | .02 | .68 | −.52, 1.88 | .26 | 1.07 | −.23, 2.37 | .10 |
| CBCL – Somatic complaints | 1.3(1.2) | 1.9(2.0) | .02 | .54 | −1.69, 0.47 | .27 | −.49 | −1.79, 0.82 | .46 |
| CBCL – Attention | 2.7(2.4) | 2.5(1.9) | <.01 | .25 | −0.96, 1.47 | .68 | −.07 | −1.46, 1.33 | .92 |
| CBCL – Affect | 3.7(3.9) | 2.3(2.2) | .05 | 1.44 | −0.18, 3.06 | .08 | 1.58 | −.38, 3.55 | .11 |
| CBCL – ADHD | 5.0(3.7) | 4.4(3.0) | <.01 | .56 | −1.32, 2.44 | .55 | .64 | −1.38, 2.65 | .53 |
| CBCL – Withdrawal Symptoms | 3.8(3.8) | 1.7(2.6) | .09 | 2.07 | 0.33, 3.81 | .02 | 2.07 | .28, 3.86 | .02 |
| CBCL - Sleep Problems | 5.1(3.8) | 3(2.7) | .08 | 2.04 | 0.28, 3.81 | .02 | 2.08 | −.08, 4.24 | .05 |
| CBCL - Internalizing problems | 12.5(10.9) | 9.19(6.8) | .03 | 3.35 | −1.91, 8.61 | .21 | 4.93 | −.84, 10.69 | .09 |
| CBCL - Externalizing problems | 16.6(12.6) | 11.7(8.0) | .05 | 4.93 | −0.55, 10.42 | .08 | 6.74 | .76, 12.72 | .03 |
| CBCL - Total problems | 46.1(32.9) | 32.4(23.0) | .05 | 13.69 | −1.47, 28.86 | .08 | 14.54 | −1.98, 31.05 | .08 |
| CBCL - Developmental problems | 5.6(5.6) | 2.9(3.6) | .07 | 2.68 | 0.20, 5.16 | .03 | 2.25 | −.46, 4.96 | .10 |
| CBCL - Oppositional defiant behaviors | 4.6(3.7) | 3.1(2.6) | .05 | 1.52 | −0.21, 3.25 | .08 | 2.07 | .24, 3.90 | .03 |
*
Adjusted Models include child age, race, sex, prenatal tobacco exposure, household income, caregiver marital status, and caregiver executive functioning as co-variates.
**
BRIEF-P = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version; LRRHQ = Liefer-Roberts Response Hierarchy Questionnaire; CBCL=Child Behavior Checklist