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. 2021 Oct 21;11(11):719. doi: 10.3390/metabo11110719

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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1: De novo synthesis occur in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the activation several enzymes such as SPT: Serine Palmitoyltransferase; CERS: Ceramide synthases; DES: Dihydroceramide desaturase. 2: Salvage pathway is the synthesis of ceramide from sphingosine that occur in endo/lysosomes by the action of SMPD1: Sphingomyelinase 1 and ceramidase. 3: catabolic pathway occur on the cellular membrane by the hydrolysis of ceramides in the presence of Sphingomyelin synthases (SMS) sphingomyelin is formed, by Sphingomyelinase 3(SMPD3), ceramides is formed. 4: Transposrt and metabolism occur in Golgi apparatus. CERK: ceramide kinase; SMPD2: Sphingomyelinase2; SMS:Sphingomyelin synthases; CERT1: ceramide transfer protein; ACER: alkaline/neutral ceramidase; SK sphingosine kinase.