Table 2.

Neuropsychiatric history, type of symptoms at admission or during hospitalization, and cognitive impairment reported by studies including patients with COVID-19 with delirium.

Authors	Study Type	Number, Gender and Age of Patients (%)	Patients with or without Neuropsychiatric History (n, %)	Symptoms at Admission/during Hospitalization (n, %)	Cognitive Impairment
Flores-Silva et al., 2021 [99]	Prospective, cross-sectional, observational	375 F (35%), 697 M (65%), 53.2 ± 13 years	71 (6.6%)	Delirium (n = 140, 13.1%)	N/A
Parker et al., 2021 [95]	Longitudinal case report	M, 57 years	None	Acute psychotic symptoms	yes
Zhou et al., 2021 [94]	Observational cohort	509 F (46.6%), 582 M (53.35), 57.17 ± 9.23 years	34 Dementia (3.1%) 20 Alzheimer’s disease (1.8%)	The overall category of delirium, dementia, amnestic and other cognitive disorders *	yes
Wittock and Van Den Bossche, 2020 [96]	Case report	F, 88 years	None	Delirium with delusional disorder	Premorbid mild cognitive impairment
Beach et al., 2020 [102]	Case series	Total patients: 4 —M, 76 years —M, 70 years —M, 68 years —F, 87 years	—Major neurocognitive disorder with episodic agitation and psychotic features —Dementia with Levy bodies —Schizophrenia —Major depressive disorder with psychotic features	—Respiratory symptoms followed by delirium —Only fever, followed by alterations of speech, spontaneous bilateral myoclonus, catatonic behavior —Inability to follow commands and incomprehensible speech, disorientation and impulsiveness for several days —Initial anxiety and dysphoria, then agitation, disorientation, concern about physical symptoms, mumbling, slurred speech	All with premorbid cognitive decline
Gillett and Jordan, 2020 [100]	Case report	M, 37 years	No personal psychiatric history, positive family psychiatric history	Confusion, bizarre behavior, visual and auditory hallucinations, self-harm behavior (suicide attempt).	Mild, after recovery
Abenza-Abildúa et al., 2020 [97]	Case report	F, 56 years	None	Delirium after respiratory symptoms, resolved within 72 h	N/A
Palomar-Ciria et al., 2020 [101]	Case report	M, 65 years	Stable schizophrenia (>20 years)	Agitated delirium	Mild, during confusional state
Anmella et al., 2020 [103]	Case series	Total patients: 4 —M 68 years —M 53 years —M 61 years —F 68 years	—Previous depressive episode —Unspecified psychosis —Delusional disorder —Depressive and generalized anxiety disorder	—Confusion, agitated behavior —Behavioral disturbances —COVID pneumonia —Insomnia, worsening of anxiety and mood liability	—N/A —Moderate intellectual disability —N/A —N/A
Hosseini et al., 2020 [98]	Letter to the Editor	Total patients: 2 —M 46 years —F 79 years	—None —None	—Ankle clonus followed by status epilepticus after 2 days —Confusion and verbal communication difficulties followed by impaired orientation, attention and memory.	—After a week, mild impairments (verbal fluency, linguistic abstraction, phrase repetition, and delayed recall memory); —After recovery, persisted impaired verbal fluency, repetition, abstraction, and delayed recall memory

* All predictors for the development of new neuropsychiatric events during hospitalization when present at admission. N/A = Not applicable.