Figure 3.

Concentration dependence of PAW-induced [Ca²⁺]_cyt increases. Ca²⁺ measurement assays were conducted in aequorin-expressing Arabidopsis seedlings. Seedlings were challenged with progressive dilutions of PAW (lighter colours indicate more diluted PAWs) generated by exposing deionized H₂O to cold plasma for 5 min at 900 W torch #1 power. (a) Data are the means (solid lines) ± SE (shading) of six seedlings derived from three independent growth replicates. The arrowhead indicates the time of stimulus application (at 100 s); (b) statistical analyses of integrated [Ca²⁺]_cyt dynamics over 30 min are shown. Bars labelled with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05, Student’s t test).