Table 1.
Antibacterial compounds and extracts derived from red seaweeds which are effective on Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis growth. SLE: solid–liquid extraction; UE: ultrasonic extraction; SM: steam distillation; MeOH: methanol; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC: minimal bactericidal concentration; IC50: half-maximal inhibitory concentration; * Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate; NA: not applicable.
| Red Macroalgal Species | Compound or Extract (Technique) | Concentration/ Volume Tested |
Antibacterial Assay | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cutibacterium acnes | |||||
| Asparagopsis armata | Supercritical extract | 5 mg·mL−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 17.33 ± 0.58 mm | [88] |
| Supercritical extract | 10 mg·mL−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 23.00 ± 1.00 mm | [88] | |
| Gracilaria textorii | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 1.024 μg·mL−1 | [100] |
| Gracilaria verrucosa | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 1.024 μg·mL−1 | [100] |
| Grateloupia angusta | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 512 μg·mL−1 | [100] |
| Grateloupia crispata | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 512 μg·mL−1 | [100] |
| Grateloupia elliptica | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 512 μg·mL−1 | [100] |
| Meristotheca papulosa | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 256 μg·mL−1 | [100] |
| Osmundaria serrata | Lanosol ethyl ether | 25 to 0.01 mg·mL−1 | MBC | Bactericidal concentration 0.50 ± 0.29 mg·mL−1 | [23] |
| Lanosol ethyl ether | 25 to 0.01 mg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration 0.08 ± 0.02 mg·mL−1 | [23] | |
| Plocamium telfairiae | EtOH (UE) | 0–1.024 μg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration > 256 μg·mL−1 | [88] |
| Sphaerococcus coronopifolius | 12S-hydroxy-bromosphaerol | 0.1–200 µM | IC50 | Inhibitory concentration 10.88 (7.83–15.12) µM | [106] |
| 12R-hydroxy-bromosphaerol | 0.1–200 µM | IC50 | Inhibitory concentration 8.75 (6.51–11.77) µM | [106] | |
| Bromosphaerol | 0.1–200 µM | IC50 | Inhibitory concentration 14.06 (10.41–19.00) µM | [106] | |
| Symphyocladia latiuscula | MeOH (SLE) | 1 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 3.5 ± 1.3 mm | [83] |
| MeOH (SLE) | 5 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 8.8 ± 0.8 mm | [83] | |
| MeOH (SLE) | 19.5 μg–10 mg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration 0.16 mg·mL−1 | [83] | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | |||||
| Asparagopsis taxiformis (Falkenbergia-phase) | MeOH (SLE) | 120 µL | Well Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 21 ± 2.31 mm | [107] |
| Bryothamnion seaforthii | Lectin | 125; 250 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (Growth Inhib) | Inhibitory concentration 10–40% | [108] |
| Chondrus crispus | NA | NA | Piece of algae (3 cm) | Zone of inhibition 6.8 mm | [90] |
| MeOH (SLE) | 100 µ (of 4 mg·mL−1) | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 21 mm | [90] | |
| Cystoclonium purpureum | NA | NA | Piece of algae (3 cm) | Zone of inhibition 8.2 mm | [90] |
| Gracilaria corticata | MeOH:toluene 3:1 (SLE) | 120 µL | Well Diffusion | Zone of inhibition ± 4 mm | [109] |
| Gracillaria gracilis | Diethyl ether (SLE) | 25 µL | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 15 mm | [110] |
| Grinnellia americana | NA | NA | Piece of algae (3 cm) | Zone of inhibition 7 mm | [90] |
| Hypnea musciformis | Lectin | 250 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (Growth Inhib) | Inhibitory concentration 10–40% | [108] |
| Hypnea pannosa | MeOH:toluene 3:1 (SLE) | 120 µL | Well Diffusion | Zone of inhibition ± 7.5 mm | [109] |
| Jania rubens | MeOH (SLE) | 2 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 6.5 mm | [111] |
| MeOH (SLE) | 4 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 11 mm | [111] | |
| Chloroform (SLE) | 4 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 10 mm | [111] | |
| Laurencia majuscula | Elatol | 30 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 19–24 mm * | [112] |
| Elatol | 1–4 mg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration 2 mg·mL−1 * | [112] | |
| Laurencia obtusa | Essential oil | 0.1 µL | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 9 mm | [78] |
| Essential oil | 0.2 µL | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 10 mm | [78] | |
| Essential oil | 0.4 µL | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 11 mm | [78] | |
| Chloroform (SLE) | 2 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 6.5 mm | [78] | |
| Hexane (SLE) | 2 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 6.5 mm | [78] | |
| Laurencia obtusa var. pyramidata | Chloroform (SLE) | 2 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 6.5 mm | [78] |
| Hexane (SLE) | 2 mg·disc−1 | Disc Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 6.5 mm | [78] | |
| Laurencia sp. | MeOH (SLE) | 120 µL | Well Diffusion | Zone of inhibition 11 ± 2.56 mm |
[107] |
| Plocamium angustum | Costatone C | 0.5–129 µg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration 64 µM | [113] |
| Polysiphonia fibrillosa | NA | NA | Piece of algae (3 cm) | Zone of inhibition 7.5 mm | [90] |
| Rhodomela confervoides | 3-bromo-4-[2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl] methyl-5-(hydroxymethyl) 1,2-benzenediol | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 140 μg·mL−1 | [93] |
| 3-bromo-4-[2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl] methyl-5-(hydroxymethyl) 1,2-benzenediol | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration >140 μg·mL−1 * | [93] | |
| 3-bromo-4-[2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl] methyl-5-(ethoxymethyl) 1,2-benzenediol | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 140 μg·mL−1 | [93] | |
| 3-bromo-4-[2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl] methyl-5-(ethoxymethyl) 1,2-benzenediol | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 140 μg·mL−1 * | [93] | |
| 3-bromo-4-[2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl] methyl-5-(methoxymethyl) 1,2-benzenediol | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 70 μg·mL−1 | [93] | |
| 3-bromo-4-[2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl] methyl-5-(methoxymethyl) 1,2-benzenediol | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 70 μg·mL−1 * | [93] | |
| 4,40-methylenebis [5,6-dibromo-1,2-benzenediol] | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 140 μg·mL1 | [93] | |
| 4,40-methylenebis [5,6-dibromo-1,2-benzenediol] | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 140 μg·mL−1 * | [93] | |
| bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)ether | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 35 μg·mL−1 | [93] | |
| bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)ether | 35–140 μg·mL−1 | Microdilution (MIC) | Inhibitory concentration 140 μg·mL−1 * | [93] | |
| Sphaerococcus coronopifolius | 12S-hydroxy-bromosphaerol | 0.1–200 µM | Microdilution (IC50) | Inhibitory concentration 10.07 (7.84–12.94) µM | [106] |
| Sphaerococcenol A | 0.1–200 µM | Microdilution (IC50) | Inhibitory concentration 56.58 (41.01–78.06) µM | [106] | |
| 12R-hydroxy-bromosphaerol | 0.1–200 µM | Microdilution (IC50) | Inhibitory concentration 5.61 (4.18–7.53) µM | [106] | |
| Bromosphaerol | 0.1–200 µM | Microdilution (IC50) | Inhibitory concentration 9.05 (7.05–11.63) µM | [106] | |
| Symphyocladia latiuscula | MeOH (SLE) | 19.5 μg·mL−1–10 mg·mL−1 | MIC | Inhibitory concentration 0.63 mg·mL−1 | [83] |