Table 1.
Activities of different NPs against MDR-pathogens, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral.
| NPs | Activity | Targeted Pathogen | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Au NPs | MDR pathogens | Methicillin-resistant S. Aureus, various groups of MDR (multidrug-resistant) Gram-positive (MRSA, MRSE, and MLSB), and Gram-negative (extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL), AmpC, and CR) pathogens | [32,74] |
| Ag NPs | S. epidermidis, MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producing organisms, MDR E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, carbapenem- and polymyxin B-resistant A. baumannii, Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), and S. aureus Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) | [32,75,76,77,78,79] | |
| Cu NPs | S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, K. quasipneumoniae and Enterobacter sp. | [80,81] | |
| Se NPs | S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli | [82] | |
| Al NPs | MDR K. pneumoniae | [83] | |
| Metal oxide NPs ZnO2-NPs ZnO NPs TiO2 NPs |
MDR E. coli, S. aureus | [84,85] | |
| CeO2 NPs | K. pneumoniae | [86] | |
| Antibacterial activities of different NPs | |||
| Ag NPs | Antibacterial |
E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci, VRE faecium, ESBL-positive K. Pneumonia, S. typhi, Vibrio cholera |
[36,37,38,39] |
| Au NPs | MRSA, VRE-faecium, E. coli, P. aeruginosa | [40] | |
| TiO2 NPs |
E. coli 0157:H7, S. aureus,
L. monocytogenes S. enteritidis, P. fluorescens |
[41] | |
| ZnO NPs |
E. coli 0157:H7, B. subtilis, P. fluorescens,
L. monocytogenes, S. enteritidis, S. aureus, S. typhimurium |
[42,43] | |
| CuO NPs |
B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus,
E. coli |
[44] | |
| HSA-GO-Pd | E. coli | [87] | |
| MgO NPs | B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, B. megaterium | [45,46] | |
| CaO NPs | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. mutans | [47] | |
| Al2O3 NPs |
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis,
K. aerogenes, P. desmolyticum |
[48,49,50] | |
| SiO2 NPs | E. coli, S. mutans, B. subtilis | [51] | |
| Clay NPs |
E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus,
P. aeruginosa |
[52] | |
| Antifungal activities of different NPs | |||
| Ag NPs | Antifungal | C. albicans, T. mentagrophyts, B. sorokiniana, M. grisea | [53,54,55] |
| ZnO NPs | B. cinerea, P. expansum, A. flavus, S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, R. stolonifera, F. oxysporum, Mucor, A. fumigatus, A. niger, and F. solani | [50,54,55,56] | |
| TiO2 NPs |
Candida. spp. P. Expansum, A. niger spp. P. oxalicum |
[57,58] | |
| CuO NPs |
A. niger, Rhizopus oryzae, A. flavus,
Cladosporium carrionii, Mucor, S. cerevisiae, P. notatum, C. albicans |
[59,60] | |
| MgO NPs |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans, A. niger, R. stolonifer, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici |
[61,62] | |
| CaO NPs | S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, A. Niger, R. stolonifer, C. brevisporum | [61,63] | |
| Au NPs | Puccinia graminis tritci, A. flavus, A. niger C. albicans | [64,65] | |
| SiO2 NPs | Candida. spp., Dermatophytes spp., A. niger, and S. racemosum | [66,67] | |
| Al2O3 NPs | Candida. spp., S. quadricauda, A. niger, A. flavus, Fusarium spp., and Alternaria spp. | [66,68] | |
| Antiviral activities of different NPs | |||
| Au NPs | Antiviral | HIV virus, Influenza virus, Herpes Simplex virus (HSV-1) | [69,70,71] |
| Ag NPs, Ag2O|AgO-NPs |
HIV-1, Influenza virus, Herpes Simplex virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Monkey pox virus, SARS-CoV-2 | [69,70,71,72,88,89] | |
| TiO2 NPs | Inactivates bacteriophages | [50] | |
| CuI NPs | Influenza A virus, feline Calicivirus (FCV) | [73] | |