Table 3.
(A). Associations between diet and QoL subdomains, in RRMS and ProgMS. (B). Associations between wellness activities and QoL subdomains, in RRMS and ProgMS. (C). Associations between supplement use, physical activity and QoL subdomains, in RRMS and ProgMS.
| (A) | ||||||||
| Diet | Anti-Inflammatory | Low Carbohydrate | Low-Saturated Fat | Other | ||||
| QoL | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS |
| Physical | ||||||||
| Mobility | −0.09 (−0.97, 0.79) | 1.51 (0.17, 2.84) * | −0.34 (−1.35, 0.67) | −0.77 (−0.73, 2.28) | 0.10 (−0.97, 1.18) | 0.62 (−1.09, 2.34) | −0.64 (−1.56, 0.27) | 1.42 (0.07, 2.78) * |
| Fine motor | −1.06 (−2.26, 0.14) | 0.69 (−1.12, 2.50) | −1.09 (−2.47, 0.28) | −0.84 (−2.87, 1.19) | 0.35 (−1.11, 1.81) | 1.42 (−0.90, 3.74) | −1.24 (−2.50, −0.01) | −0.20 (−2.05, 1.64) |
| Fatigue | −0.28 (−1.57, 1.00) | −0.02 (−1.96, 1.92) | 0.83 (−0.64, 2.30) | −0.93 (−3.11, 1.24) | 0.59 (−0.97, 2.15) | −1.53 (−4.01, 0.95) | 1.02 (−0.31, 2.34) | −1.51 (−3.48, 0.47) |
| Sleep disturbance | 0.41 (−0.81, 1.64) | 0.38 (−1.47, 2.23) | −0.16 (−1.56, 1.24) | 0.92 (−1.15, 2.99) | 0.15 (−1.33, 1.64) | 0.00 (−2.36, 2.37) | 0.16 (−0.21, 2.32) | 1.01 (−0.87, 2.89) |
| Mental | ||||||||
| Anxiety | 0.08 (−1.11, 1.29) | −0.01 (−1.81, 1.80) | 0.03 (−1.34, 1.40) | −0.50 (−2.53, 1.53) | 0.89 (−0.56, 2.34) | 1.36 (−0.94, 3.65) | 0.69 (−0.55, 1.93) | 0.08 (−1.76, 1.93) |
| Depression | 0.24 (−0.94, 1.42) | −1.08 (−2.85, 0.70) | −0.11 (−1.46, 1.24) | −1.31 (−3.31, 0.68) | 0.38 (−1.05, 1.81) | 1.50 (−0.75, 3.76) | 1.03 (−0.19, 2.25) | −0.72 (−2.53, 1.09) |
| Positive affect | 0.45 (−0.73, 1.63) | 2.05 (0.27, 3.83) | 0.54 (−0.81, 1.88) | 2.22 (0.23, 4.21) | 0.14 (−1.29, 1.57) | −0.03 (−2.31, 2.25) | −0.17 (−1.39, 1.05) | 1.55 (−0.27, 3.36) |
| Emotional dyscontrol | 0.51 (−0.87, 1.91) | −0.08 (−2.17, 2.02) | 0.20 (−1.38, 1.79) | −1.73 (−4.08, 0.62) | 0.63 (−1.05, 2.32) | −0.28 (−2.97, 2.40) | 0.91 (−0.53, 2.34) | −0.00 (−2.14, 2.13) |
| Stigma | 1.26 (0.22, 2.30) | −0.12 (−1.68, 1.44) | 1.23 (0.04, 2.41) | 0.38 (−1.37, 2.13) | 0.55 (−0.71, 1.80) | 0.25 (−1.76, 2.25) | 1.36 (0.29, 2.43) | −0.08 (−1.68, 1.52) |
| Cognitive function | −0.77 (−2.27, 0.72) | −0.32 (−2.58, 1.94) | −1.04 (−2.75, 0.67) | 0.23 (−2.30, 2.77) | −1.04 (−2.85, 0.77) | 1.64 (−1.25, 4.53) | −1.92 (−3.46, −0.37) | 0.50 (−1.80, 2.79) |
| Communication a | −0.20 (−0.68, 0.29) | 0.07 (−0.66, 0.80) | −0.03 (−0.58, 0.52) | −0.06 (−0.88, 0.76) | −0.30 (−0.88, 0.29) | 1.23 (0.31, 2.15) * | −0.48 (−0.98, 0.02) | 0.26 (−0.48, 1.00) |
| Social | ||||||||
| Participation | 0.27 (−0.73, 1.27) | −0.00 (−1.51, 1.51) | −0.49 (−1.63, 0.66) | −0.28 (−1.98, 1.42) | −0.53 (−1.75, 0.69) | 0.38 (−1.54, 2.31) | −1.04 (−2.07, 0.01) | 0.50 (−1.03, 2.04) |
| Satisfaction | 0.28 (−0.62, 1.18) | 0.77 (−0.59, 2.13) | −0.27 (−1.29, 0.76) | 0.05 (−1.48, 1.57) | 0.15 (−0.95, 1.24) | 0.58 (−1.16, 2.33) | −0.20 (−1.13, 0.73) | 0.51 (−0.87, 1.90) |
| (B) | ||||||||
| Wellness | Mind | Mind−Body | Other | |||||
| QoL | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS | ||
| Physical | ||||||||
| Mobility | −0.82 (−1.71, 0.07) | 0.29 (−1.02, 1.61) | 0.20 (−0.69, 1.09) | 0.95 (−0.34, 2.24) | −0.89 (−1.80, 0.03) | 0.48 (−0.81, 1.78) | ||
| Fine motor | −1.70 (−2.90, −0.49) | 0.09 (−1.68, 1.86) | −0.34 (−1.54, 0.87) | 0.57 (−1.18, 2.32) | −1.75 (−2.99, −0.51) | 0.64 (−1.11, 2.39) * | ||
| Fatigue | 1.39 (0.10, 2.68) | 1.26 (−0.64, 3.16) | −0.83 (−2.12, 0.45) | −1.46 (−3.33, 0.41) | 2.35 (1.03, 3.68) | 0.85 (−1.03, 2.72) | ||
| Sleep disturbance | 1.09 (−0.13, 2.31) | 1.72 (−0.09, 3.53) | −1.16 (−2.38, 0.07) | −0.31 (−2.09, 1.47) | 1.72 (0.46, 2.99) | 0.57 (−1.22, 2.34) | ||
| Mental | ||||||||
| Anxiety | 2.30 (1.10, 3.49) | 1.57 (−0.20, 3.33) | −1.00 (−2.20, 0.20) | −0.62 (−2.36, 1.12) | 1.87 (0.63, 3.11) | 0.42 (−1.32, 2.16) | ||
| Depression | 0.95 (−0.23, 2.13) | 1.28 (−0.46, 3.02) | −1.06 (−2.24, 0.12) | −0.39 (−0.22, 3.20) | 0.92 (−0.30, 2.14) | 0.23 (−1.49, 1.95) | ||
| Positive affect | −0.40 (−1.58, 0.78) | −0.73 (−2.48, 1.02) | 1.44 (0.27, 2.62) | 1.49 (−0.22, 3.20) | −0.56 (−1.80, 0.66) | 0.11 (−1.61, 1.84) | ||
| Emotional dyscontrol | 2.03 (0.64, 3.42) | 1.58 (−0.47, 3.63) | −1.63 (−3.02, −0.25) | 0.50 (−1.51, 2.52) | 2.16 (0.72, 3.59) | 1.16 (−0.87, 3.17) | ||
| Stigma | 1.04 (0.01, 2.08) | 0.86 (−0.68, 2.40) | 0.15 (−0.89, 1.19) | −0.40 (−1.91, 1.11) | 1.11 (0.04, 2.19) | 0.23 (−1.29, 1.75) | ||
| Cognitive function | −1.67 (−3.16, −1.17) | −1.38 (−3.59, 0.84) | 0.76 (−0.74, 2.26) | 0.26 (−1.92, 2.43) | −3.20 (−4.74, −1.67) | −0.89 (−3.06, 1.28) | ||
| Communicationa | −0.53 (−1.01, −0.05) | −0.42 (−1.13, 0.29) | 0.01 (−0.47, 0.50) | 0.12 (−0.58, 0.82) | −0.56 (−1.06, −0.07) | −0.39 (−1.10, 0.31) | ||
| Social | ||||||||
| Participation | −1.29(−2.29, −0.28) | −0.89 (−2.37, 0.59) | 1.29 (0.29, 2.29) | 1.26 (−0.20, 2.71) | −1.52 (−2.55, −0.49) | −0.99 (−2.45, 0.47) | ||
| Satisfaction | −0.99 (−1.90, −0.09) | −0.62 (−1.95, 0.71) | 0.83 (−0.08, 1.72) | 1.11 (−0.20, 2.42) | −1.24 (−2.18, −0.31) | −0.48 (−1.80, 0.83) | ||
| (C) | ||||||||
| Supplements | Physical Activity | |||||||
| Vitamin D | Omega−3 | Moderate | Active | |||||
| QoL | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS | RRMS | ProgMS |
| Physical | ||||||||
| Mobility | 0.01 (−1.22, 1.24) | 0.40 (−1.20, 2.01) | 0.35 (−0.52, 1.25) | 0.33 (−0.94, 1.60) | 1.41 (0.19, 2.63) | −0.31 (−1.88, 1.25) | 3.07 (2.04, 4.09) | 1.49 (0.05, 2.94) |
| Fine motor | −0.39 (−2.05, 1.28) | 1.80 (−0.37, 3.97) | −0.34 (−1.54, 0.86) | 0.76 (−0.96, 2.47) | 0.93 (−0.74, 2.61) | −0.77 (−2.92, 1.38) | 2.45 (1.05, 3.86) | −0.71 (−2.70, 1.27) * |
| Fatigue | −1.57 (−3.35, 0.21) | −0.92 (−3.24, 1.41) | −0.61 (−1.90, 0.67) | −0.91 (−2.75, 0.92) | −1.48 (−3.25, 0.29) | −1.35 (−3.63, 0.93) | −4.14 (−5.63, −2.65) | −2.11 (−4.21, −0.01) |
| Sleep disturbance | −0.52 (−2.22, 1.17) | −0.52 (−2.73, 1.70) | −0.39 (−1.61, 0.83) | −0.74 (−2.49, 1.01) | −1.20 (−2.91, 0.51) | −1.64 (−3.84, 0.55) | −2.37 (−3.80, −0.94) | −1.54 (−3.56, 0.48) |
| Mental | ||||||||
| Anxiety | 0.12 (−1.53, 1.79) | −1.05 (−3.22, 1.12) | 0.39 (−0.89, 1.50) | −0.48 (−2.19, 1.23) | −1.97 (−3.64, −0.31) | −1.66 (−3.79, 0.48) | −2.92 (−4.32, −1.52) | 0.37 (−1.60, 2.34) * |
| Depression | −0.42 (−2.05, 1.22) | −0.28 (−2.41, 1.85) | 0.38 (−0.80, 1.55) | 0.05 (−1.63, 1.73) | −2.02 (−3.65, −0.39) | −1.47 (−3.56, 0.62) | −3.67 (−5.04, −2.30) | −0.50 (−2.43, 1.43) * |
| Positive affect | 0.37 (−1.26, 2.01) | −0.82 (−2.95, 1.31) | −0.09 (−1.26, 1.09) | −0.05 (−1.74, 1.63) | 2.51 (0.89, 4.13) | 2.61 (0.52, 4.69) | 4.35 (2.99, 5.71) | 0.59 (−1.32, 2.50) * |
| Emotional dyscontrol | −0.28 (−2.20, 1.65) | −1.09 (−3.60, 1.42) | 0.43 (−0.95, 1.82) | 0.30 (−1.68, 2.28) | −1.27 (−3.41, 0.66) | −2.15 (−4.63, 0.33) | −3.11 (−4.73, −1.49) | 0.05 (−2.33, 2.24) * |
| Stigma | −0.61 (−2.05, 0.83) | −1.28 (−3.15, 0.60) | 0.41 (−0.61, 1.45) | −0.23 (−1.71, 1.25) | −2.30 (−3.73, −0.86) | −1.51 (−3.36, 0.33) | −3.11 (−4.32, −1.90) | −0.30 (−2.01, 1.40) * |
| Cognitive function | 1.15 (−0.92, 3.23) | 2.00 (−0.70, 4.70) | −0.07 (−1.56, 1.42) | 1.39 (−0.75, 3.52) | 1.49 (−0.60, 3.57) | 3.17 (0.50, 5.85) | 2.85 (1.10, 4.60) | 1.11 (−1.37, 3.57) |
| Communication a | 0.12 (−0.56, 0.78) | 0.73 (−0.14, 1.60) | −0.28 (−0.76, 0.20) | 0.42 (−0.26, 1.11) | 0.37 (−0.30, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.07, 1.79) | 0.80 (0.23, 1.36) | 0.30 (−0.49, 1.10) |
| Social | ||||||||
| Social participation | 0.69 (−0.70, 2.08) | 0.82 (−1.00, 2.63) | −0.06 (−1.06, 0.94) | 0.44 (−0.99, 1.87) | 1.29 (−0.10, 2.70) | 0.95 (−0.83, 2.74) | 2.97 (1.81, 4.14) | 0.80 (−0.84, 2.45) * |
| Social satisfaction | 1.01 (−0.24, 2.26) | 0.32 (−1.31, 1.95) | 0.73 (−0.16, 1.64) | 0.10 (−1.19, 1.39) | 1.64 (0.41, 2.89) | 1.49 (−0.09, 3.08) | 3.71 (2.67, 4.75) | 1.20 (−0.25, 2.66) * |
ProgMS = progressive MS; QoL = quality of life; RRMS = relapsing-remitted MS; a Total raw score. Multivariate linear regression estimating adjusted regression coefficients (95% CI). Models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, disability, and duration since MS diagnosis. Bold values in (A) indicate significant (p < 0.05) associations between diet and QoL domains. Bold values in (B) indicate significant (p < 0.05) associations between wellness and QoL domains. Bold values in (C) indicate significant (p < 0.05) associations between physical activity and QoL subdomains. * Significant (* p < 0.05) difference between RRMS and ProgMS.