Table 1.

Xanthophylls from microalgae: mass production, extraction method and application.

Xanthophylls	Microalgae	Extraction Processes	Concentrations	Applications	References
Fucoxanthin	Tisochrysis lutea	Ultrasonic-assisted extraction	0.25 mg/g dw	Nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications	[26]
	Cyclotella meneghiniana		2.3 mg/g		[27]
	Mallomonas sp.		26.6 mg/g
	Nitzschia cf. carinospeciosa		5.5 mg/g
	Phaeodactylum tricornutum		10 mg/g
	Paralia longispina		1.4 mg/g
	Isochrysis aff. galbana		1.8% dw		[28]
	Odontella aurita		up to 2.2% dw		[29]
	Thalassiosira weissflogii	Solvent extraction	5.1 mg/L/d		[30]
ASX	Haematococcus pluvialis	Conventional extraction	900 kg/2 ha/year	Antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, ocular protective effect, antidiabetic, coloring agent	[31]
		Two-stage system	3.8% dw		[32]
		Enzyme extraction	3.8% dw		[33]
		Conventional extraction	2–3% dw		[34]
		Pressurized extraction	99% of total AS		[35]
	Haematococcus lacustris	Mechanical extraction	18.8 mg/L		[36]
Lutein	Chlorella vulgaris	Heptane–ethanol– water extraction	30 mg/g	Antioxidant, light-filtering, eye protection, colorant, potential therapeutic use against several chronic diseases, lower risk of cancer, anti-inflammatory benefits	[37]
	Chlorella minutissima	Solvent extraction	5.58 mg/g		[38]
	Chlorella sorokiniana	Solvent extraction	7.62 mg/L/d		[39]
	Scenedesmus bijugus		2.9 mg/g		[40]
	Dunaliella salina	Conventional extraction	15.4 mg/m2/d		[41]
	Chlorella protothecoides	Maceration	83.8 mg/L		[42]
	Chlorella protothecoides	Mechanical	4.92 mg/g		[43]
	Tetraselmis sp. CTP4	Mechanical	3.17 mg/g dw		[44]
	Chlamydomonas sp.	Solvent extraction	5.08 mg/L/d		[45]
	Muriellopsis sp.	Solvent extraction	100 mg/m2/d		[46]
	Chlamydomonas acidophila	Solvent extraction	20 mg/L		[47]
	Scenedesmus almeriensis	Accelerated solvent extraction	8.54 mg/g		[48]
	Scenedesmus obliquus	Solvent extraction	3.63 mg/g		[49]
	Desmodesmus sp.	Solvent extraction	5.22 mg/L/d		[50]
	Coelastrella sp.	Accelerated solvent extraction	6.49 mg/g		[40]
Zeaxanthin	Heterochlorella luteoviridis	Moderate electric field	244 µg/g	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, eyes and UV light protection, prevention of coronary syndromes, anti-tumoral, anti-cardiovascular diseases, and structural actions in neural tissue	[21]
	Nannochloropsis oculata	Supercritical fluids extraction	13.17 mg/g		[51]
	Chlorella ellipsoidea	Pressurized liquid extraction	4.26 mg/g		[52]
	Synechocystis sp.	Pulse electric field	1.64 mg/g		[53]
Violaxanthin	Chlorella ellipsodea	Solvent extraction	not determined	Anti-inflammatory activity	[54]
	Chlorella vulgaris	Solvent extraction Mechanical extraction	3.7 mg/g		[55]
Canthaxanthin	Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata		4.75% dw	Anti-oxidant property Create a tan color	[56]
	Chlorella vulgaris		45% Total carotenoids		[57]
Cryptoxanthin	Spirulina platensis	Supercritical fluid extraction	7.5 mg/100 g	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, improves respiratory functions, stimulates bone formation and protection, decreases risk of degenerative diseases	[58]
	Pandorina morum	Maceration	2.38 µg/g DW		[59]
	Nanochlorum eucaryotum	Enzyme extraction	not determined		[60]
Diadinoxanthin	Odontella aurita	Ethanol extraction	10% total carotenoids	Antioxidant	[29]
	Phaeodactylum tricornutum		19% of total pigments		[61]
Diatoxanthin	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	Methanol extraction	17% of total pigments	Antioxidant	[61]