Table 2.

Common names, IUPAC nomenclatures, molecular formulas and chemical structures of the most commercialized xanthophylls.

Common Names	IUPAC Nomenclature	Molecular Formulas	Chemical Structures	References
Fucoxanthin	3,5′-Dihydroxy-8-oxo-6′,7′-didehydro-5,6-epoxy-5,6,7,8,5′,6′-hexahydro-β,β-caroten-3′-yl acetate	C42H58O6	3S,5R,6S,3′S’,5′R,6′R)-3,5′-dihydroxy-8-oxo-6′,7′-didehydro-5,6-epoxy-5,6,7,8,5′,6′-hexahydro-β,β-caroten-3′-yl acetate	[91]
ASX	3,3′-Dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione	C40H52O4	(3S,30S)-3,30-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,40-dione	[12]
Lutein	β- ε-Carotene-3,3′-diol	C40H56O2	(3R,3′R,6′R)-β,ε-carotene-3,3′-diol	[92]
Zeaxanthin	β,β-Carotene-3,3′-diol	C40H56O2	(3R,30R)-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol	[92]
Violaxanthin	5,5′,6,6′-Tetrahydro-5,6:5′,6′-diepoxy-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol	C40H56O4	S,3′S,5R,5′R,6S,6′S)-5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydro-5,6:5′,6′-diepoxy-β,β-carotene-3	[93]
Canthaxanthin	β,β-Carotene-4,40-dione	C40H52O2	trans-β-carotene-4,4′-dione	[94]
β-Cryptoxanthin	β,β-Caroten-3-ol	C40H56O	(3R)-β,β-Caroten-3-ol	[95]
Diadinoxanthin	5,6-Epoxy-7’,8’-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-b,b-carotene-3,3-diol	C40H54O3	(3S,3’R,5R,6R)-7’,8’-Didehydro-3,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro- β, β -carotene-3’,5-diol	[61]
Diatoxanthin	3,3′-7,8-Didehydro-ß,ß-carotene-3,3’-diol	C40H54O2	(3R,3’R)-7,8-Didehydro- β, β -carotene-. 3,3’-diol	[61]