Table 3.

Main examples of encapsulated microalgal astaxanthin and fucoxanthin.

Bioactive Compounds	Wall Materials	Encapsulation Techniques	Encapsulation Preparations	Main Findings	References
ASX from Haematococcus pluvialis	PHBV (Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate))	Co-precipitation	-PHBV was used at 20 mg/mL in an organic solution (T = 35 °C, Flow rate = 1 mL/min) -The precipitation pressures were 80 and 100 bars.	-EE = 51.21% at high ratio biomass/DCM, and lower pressure of precipitation (80 bars). -Ø = 0.228 μm	[176]
ASX from Haematococcus pluvialis	PHBV (Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate))	Co-precipitation	-PHBV was used at 20 mg/mL in an organic solution -The precipitation pressures were 80 and 100 bars.	-At 100 bars, Ø = 0.128 μm, -EE = 48.25%	[177]
ASX from Haematococcus pluvialis	Precirol ATO 5 or Stearic acid	Hot Homogenization method: SUPRAS/NLCs mixture	-Aqueous phase (AP): At 65 °C Poloxamer 188 or 407 in 15 mL of water. -Oil phase (OP): At 65 °C, Precirol ATO 5 or stearic acid, soy lecithin and 750 µL of SUPRAS were heated. -AP was included in AP -Centrifugation (13 min at 13,000 rpm) -Recover of SUPRAS-NLCs	-EE = 71% -Ø∼100 nm. -ASX antioxidant activity waas preserved	[87]
ASX from Haematococcus pluvialis	GA and WP single or mixed with MD or IN	Spray drying	-Aspirator air flow rate = 32.9 m3/h -p = 40 kg/cm2, T = 25 °C -Inlet and outlet air T = 120 and 70 °C, respectively.	-EE (WP) = 61.2% -EE(GA) = 70.1%. -The capsules displayed red and yellow colors -As regards h values: GA–WP 50:50 (41.2°) < GA–IN 25:75 (42.4°) < GA–IN 50:50 (43.8°) < GA–WP 25:75 (45.2°) < WP (45.8°) < GA (48.0°) < GA–MD 25:75 (61.1°) < GA–MD 50:50 (70.2°). -First-order reaction kinetics (degradation and antioxidant activity). -Established WP particles have higher stability T, -Rank and pH stability: 6 > 5 > 4 > 7 > 3	[179]
ASX from Haematococcus pluvialis	WPC	Emulsification–solvent Evaporation	-Solublization of WPC in water (1–10%) -Dilution of oleoresin was diluted in EtOAc (1–11%) and blended with WPC (9:1) -Production of emulsion by an ultrasonicator (10 min, 10 W).	-EE = 96%. -Ø (80–130 nm) -ζ potential (−20 and −30 mV). -NPs precipitation at pH 3.5–5.5. -ASX high bioaccessibility = 76%.	[187]
Esterified ASX from Haematococcus pluvialis	WP and GA	Complex coacervation	-WP and GA solutions at 2.0% were prepared within 0.2 M PO42− buffer (pH 7.0). -OP: preparation of 20% (w/w) of esterified ASX oleoresin in corn oil -For microcapsule fabrication, 3 g of OP was distributed into WP -p = 400 bars, T = 40 °C. -Blend system, with GA, was agitated (30 min at 700 rpm).	-High stablity of esterified ASXs. -In vitro experiment: rate of ASX and oleoresin release from the microcapsules were 26% and 14.6%.	[188]
ASX-enriched oil from Haematococcus pluvialis	C6H7NaO6; and low-methoxyl pectin	Vibrating nozzle technology	-T = 40 °C -p = 500 mbars, and 600 Hz, 2000 V, 3A. -Ø nozzle = 750 µm.	-Then 52 weeks, total-ASX retention = 94.1% with various degradation kinetics.	[189]
Fucoxanthin from Chaetoceros calcitrans	Maltodextrin and GA	Spray and freeze drying	- Freeze-drying T = at −80 °C during 24 h p = 25 × 10−2 Pa, T = −40 °C - Spray-drying p = 6.5 bar at 8.5 mL/min. Air flow = 30 m3/h, inlet/outlet T of 100/70 °C.	-Well behaviors of fabricated particules into within food powder -antioxidant activity was preserved	[194]
Fucoxanthin from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (FX)	Chitosan (CN)	Electrospraying	-V = 5 kV, Flow rate = 130 μL/min. -T = −120 °C during 48 h.	-EE = 71%, polydispersity index = 0.31–0.39 in H2O. -ζ potential of FX-CS (casein)-CN and FX-CN were 24.00 and −12.87 mV, respectively. -FX bioaccessibility > FX-CN > FX-CS-CN. -In C57BL/6 mice, fucoxanthinol absorption to the blood circulation was two times higher for FX-CS-CN versus FX-CN.	[195]