Table 1.

Monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, concentration, sulfation degree and anti-inflammatory mechanism of different fucoidans.

Brown Seaweed	Monosaccharide Composition	Molecular Weight	Concentration	Sulphate Content (%)	Mechanisms	References
Cladosiphon novae-caledoniae	Fucose 73 mol%, Xylose 12 mol% Mannose 7 mol%	-	19.35 ng/µL; 80.64 ng/µL	14.5%	Inhibited COX-1 and COX-2	[153]
Sargassum horneri	Polyphenols 3.9%	Mw > 30 kDa	25–100 µg/mL	12%	Decreased production of TNF-α, IL-6, NO and PGE2	[154]
Laminaria japonica	Fucose 79.49% Xylose 1.08% Mannose 1.84% Galactose 16.76% Rhamnose 0.82%	104.3 kDa	25 µg/mL	30.72%	Decreased production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, iNOS, and COX-2 expression; downregulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways	[155]
Turbinaria decurrens	Fucose 59.3% Xylose 11.4% Galactose 12.6% Mannose 9.6%	-	50 mg/kg	23.51%	Reduced the expression of genes of COX-2, IL-1β, the NF-κB signaling pathway	[156]
Turbinaria ornata	Fucose 86.4 mol% Rhamnose 0.4 mol% Galactose 1.7 mol% Glucose 0.8 mol%	-	25–100 µg/mL	38.3%	Suppressed the expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages	[157]
Undaria pinnatifida	Fucose 50.9% Xylose 4.2% Galactose 44.6% Mannose 0.3%	-	50 mg/kg;150 mg/kg		Reduced the COX-2 expression dose dependently	[112]
E c klonia cava	Fucose 77.9 mol% Rhamnose 2.3 mol% Galactose 10.1 mol% Glucose 2.2 mol% Xylose 7.5 mol%	-	50–100 µg/mL	39.1%	Reduced NO production and levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6	[158]
Fucus vesiculosus	Molar rate 1:0.03:0.02:0.04:0.2:1.2 for Fucose, Galactose, Mannose, Xylose, Uronic acid, and sulfate	-	30–60 mg/kg	27%	Inhibition of COX, hyaluronidase, and MAPK p38 enzymes.	[159]
Cladosiphon okamuranus	Fucose 30.9% Xylose 0.7% Glucose 2.2% Uronic acid 23.4%	-	4.0 mg/kg	15.1%	Inhibition of neutrophil extravasation into peritoneal cavity	[115]
Fucus vesiculosus	Fucoidan	-	0–100 mg/mL		Inhibited the release of nitric oxide, IL-1b, TNF-a, prostaglandin E2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by inhibiting NF-κB, Akt and MAPK kinases activation	[160]
Sargassum hemiphyllum	Fucose 210.99 mmol/g	-	100 mg/mL	38.99.4%	Inhibition of IL-1b, TNF-a, and reduction of IL-10, IFN-c in production LPS treated cells	[161]
Macrocystis pyrifera	Fucose 25.77% Galactose 3.93% Glucose 1.14% Mannose 1.12% Xylose 0.84% Uronic acid 5.54%	-	5-100 μg/mL	27.32%	Delayed the apoptosis and promote pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human neutrophils	[151]
Ascophyllum nodosum	Fucose 39.8% Galactose 3.37% Glucose 0.88% Mannose 0.72% Xylose 3.68% Uronic acid 1.72%	-	50–100 μg/mL	24.07%	Delayed the apoptosis and promote pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human neutrophils	[151]