Table 1.

List of clinically relevant phenotypic cells derived from hPSCs by differentiation protocols and their purity at the end of the differentiation protocols.

Organ System	Cell Type	Purity Achieved	Associated Pathologies	References
Brain	NPC/astrocytes	N/A	Stroke, Alzheimer’s SCI	[16,17,18]
	b.Oligodendrocytes Progenitor cell	80–90%	multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury	[18,19]
	c.Microglia	>97.2%	neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, traumatic brain injury	[19,20,21]
Lungs	alveolar type II cells	N/A	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, SARS-CoV-2	[22,23]
	b.multiciliated airway epithelial cell	N/A	Asthma, PCD	[24]
	c.endothelial cells	75%	familial pulmonary arterial hypertension	[25]
Heart	cardiomyocytes	>99% 78%	LEOPARD syndrome Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	[26] [27]
	b.cardiac endothelial cells	NA	congenital valve abnormalities	[28]
Liver	End-stage hepatocytes	nearly 100%	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fatty liver disease	[29]
	b.multicellular liver organoid	N/A	primary liver cancer, acute liver failure	[30]
	c.liver buds	N/A	acute liver failure	[31]
Pancreas	insulin-secreting beta-cell	N/A	diabetes,	[32,33,34]
Gut	intestinal epithelium enterocytes/hepatocytes		inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),	[35,36]
Kidney	Renal progenitor cells	63.8 ± 3.3%	Kidney disease, acute kidney injury (AKI)	[37]
	b.IM cell (intermediate mesoderm cells)	N/A	chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD)	[38,39]
	c.metanephric and mesonephric NPs, ureteric buds	N/A	Kidney disease	[40]
Eye	retinal ganglion cell-like neuron retinal pigment epithelium cell corneal endothelium cell	N/A	Retinopathy, Age-related Macular—degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, corneal edema	[41,42,43]