Table 2.

Clay minerals in 3DP technology with potential applications in medicine and TE.

Clay Mineral and Concentration	Other Ink Ingredients	Clay Role	3DP Technique	Ref
MMT (Cloisite® 30B)—4% w/w	PLA	Increasing PLA crystallinity, melting temperature modifier and mechanical reinforcement	Fused deposition modelling	[21,22]
MMT (Cloisite® 5, Cloisite® 20, Na Cloisite®)—1, 5% w/w	PLA	Improved mechanical properties of PLA by organo-modified clay minerals due to increased d-spacing of organo-modified clay particles	Fused filament fabrication	[25]
MMT—0.5, 1, 2, 5% w/w	HDPE	MMT provided superior mechanical performance	Fused filament fabrication	[20]
MMT (Cloisite® SE300)—1, 3, 5% w/w	PETG	Mechanical reinforcement. Simplification of the 3D construct post-processing or post-treatment	Extrusion	[26]
SEP—1, 2, 3, 5, 7% w/w	PETG	Improvement of mechanical properties due to directional alignment of SEP particles within PETG filament	Fused deposition modelling	[27]
LAP—2.5% w/v	Silk fibroin	Formation of a print-bed (in combination with PEG) to support silk-fibroin BI 3D constructs	Submerged extrusion into LAP–PEG suspension	[28]
LAP—7% w/w	NIPAAM, PAAM	Rheological modifier for 3DP and mechanical reinforcement	Extrusion	[29]
LAP—12% w/v	Pluronic	Improvement of printability and mechanical properties of ink used as sacrificial material template (mold) for the production of microfluidic system	Extrusion	[30]