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Average absences from work due to own illness or disability in Europe, 2006–2020, by sex, as % of employment. Note: n = 32 countries. To confirm the statistically significant difference of the gender gap, we used nonparametric (Mann–Whitney U) or parametric (Student’s t-tests) statistics, depending on the results of the Shapiro–Wilk test of normality; The results are available from the author on request.
