Table 1.
Potential determinants of absenteeism in men and women.
| Variable | Time Span | M—Men |
|---|---|---|
| W—Women | ||
| T—Total | ||
| HEALTH CONDITION | ||
| In-patient average length of stay. Pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium (O00–O99) (days) | 2006–2018 | W |
| People with a long-standing illness or health problem. Employed people except for employees (%) | 2009–2020 | M, W |
| Accidents at work (4 days or more) (standardized incidence rate) | 2008–2018 | M, W |
| COVID-19 (cases per 100,000) | 2019–2020 | T |
| Deaths due to diseases of the circulatory system per 100,000 | 2011–2019 | M, W |
| Deaths due to pneumonia per 100,000 | 2011–2019 | M, W |
| Self-perceived health. Bad or very bad (%) | 2008–2020 | M, W |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 2014 | M, W |
| QUALITY OF LIFE | ||
| Performing health-enhancing physical activity. Aerobic and muscle-strengthening (%) | 2014 | M, W |
| Daily consumption of fruit and vegetables—5 portions (%) | 2014 | M, W |
| Overall perceived social support (%) | 2014 | M, W |
| Self-reported unmet needs for medical examination (%) | 2008–2020 | M, W |
| Overall perceived social support (%) | 2014 | M, W |
| Average number of rooms (per person) | 2006–2020 | T |
| Overcrowding rate (%) | 2006–2020 | M, W |
| Percentage of total population reporting exposure to pollution, grime, or other environmental problems (%) | 2006–2020 | M, W |
| Frequency of being happy in the last 4 weeks. Always and most of the time (%) | 2013, 2018 | M, W |
| Frequency of participation in cultural activities in the last 12 months. Cultural activities (cinema, live performances, or cultural sites) (%) | 2006, 2015 | M, W |
| Frequency of participation in sports activities (sports events) in the last 12 months (%) | 2006, 2015 | M, W |
| Intentional homicide victims (per hundred thousand inhabitants) | 2008–2018 | M, W |
| Average rating of satisfaction by financial situation (rating 0–10) | 2013, 2015 | M, W |
| Average rating of satisfaction by job situation (rating 0–10) | 2013, 2015 | M, W |
| ECONOMICS | ||
| Distribution of households by household type–single person with dependent children (%) | 2011–2020 | T |
| Mean equivalized net income (purchasing power standard (PPS) per capita) | 2006–2020 | M, W |
| Disposable income and net lending (constant PPS per capita) | 2006–2019 | T |
| DEMOGRAPHY | ||
| People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (%) | 2011–2020 | M, W |
| Proportion of population aged 15–24 years (%) | 2009–2020 | T |
| Proportion of population aged 25–49 years (%) | 2009–2020 | T |
| Proportion of population aged 50–64 years (%) | 2009–2020 | T |
| Proportion of population aged 65–79 years (%) | 2009–2020 | T |
| Old-age dependency ratio 3rd variant (population 65 and over to population 20 to 64 years) (%) | 2006–2020 | T |
| Women (per 100 men) | 2006–2020 | W |
| Median age of population (years) | 2006–2020 | M, W |
| EDUCATION | ||
| Population by educational attainment level. Less than primary, primary, and lower secondary education (levels 0–2) (%) | 2006–2019 | M, W |
| Population by educational attainment level. Tertiary education (levels 5–8) (%) | 2006–2019 | M, W |
| LABOR MARKET | ||
| Duration of working life (years) | 2006–2019 | M, W |
| Employed people with a second job (% of employed in group of 20 to 64 years) | 2008–2019 | M, W |
| Labor force participation rate (%) | 2006–2019 | M, W |
| Unemployment by sex and age (% of active population) | 2006–2019 | M, W |
| Employment in agriculture, forestry, and fishing (%) | 2008–2019 | M, W |
| Employment in mining and quarrying (%) | 2008–2019 | M, W |
| Employment in manufacturing (%) | 2008–2019 | M, W |
| Employment in electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply (%) | 2008–2019 | M, W |
| SOCIAL POLICY | ||
| Wage replacement (%) | 2009–2020 | T |
| Employer responsibility for funding (length in days) | 2006–2020 | T |
| Social protection benefits (purchasing power standard (PPS) per inhabitant) | 2006–2018 | T |
| Social benefits by disability (purchasing power standard (PPS) per inhabitant) | 2007–2018 | T |
| Social benefits by family/children (purchasing power standard (PPS) per inhabitant) | 2007–2018 | T |
| Social benefits by sickness/health care (purchasing power standard (PPS) per inhabitant) | 2007–2018 | T |
Note: Most factors were variables collected for men and women, separately. However, in some cases, the poor availability of absenteeism characteristics led us to use the “total” information in the estimation process.