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. 2021 Nov 2;10(11):2662. doi: 10.3390/foods10112662

Table 1.

Summary of described studies using genomics and metabolomics to study non-IgE-GI-FA.

Disease Description Diet of Allergic Infants Microbial Communities
(Genomics)		 Metabolites
(Metabolomics)		 Reference
Non-IgE-mediated CMA Allergic vs. healthy children No dietary restriction (collection at diagnosis) ↑ Phylum Bacteroidetes
↑ Genera Bacteroides, Alistipes, and Sarcina 		↓ Fecal butyrate Berni Canani et al. [63]
Non-IgE-mediated CMA Allergic vs. healthy infants (unrestricted conventional diet) Milk exclusion diet for six months:
  • ‐

    12 EHF

  • ‐

    2 SPBF

  • ‐

    3 HRF

 EHF, SPBF & HRF:
↑ Families Lachnospiraceae and Coriobacteriaceae
↓ Genus Bacteroides
HRF:
↓ Genus Bifidobacteria 		↑ Isobutyric and isovaleric acids = Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids Díaz et al. [72]
Non-IgE-mediated CMA Allergic with test formula vs. allergic with control formula vs. HBI at week 8 Amino acid-based formula for 8 weeks:
  • ‐

    35 test formula (synbiotic-containing)

  • ‐

    36 control formula

 Bifidobacteria:
HBI > test formula > control formula
Eubacterium rectale/Clostridium coccoides:
HBI < test formula < control formula		 - Candy et al. [73]
Non-IgE-mediated CMA Allergic with test formula vs. allergic with control formula at week 26 Formula for 26 weeks:
  • ‐

    26 test formula (synbiotic-containing AAF)

  • ‐

    28 control formula (AAF)

  • ‐

    2 control formula (CMF)

 Bifidobacteria:
test formula > control formula
Eubacterium rectale/Clostridium coccoides:
test formula < control formula		 - Fox et al. [74]
Non-IgE-mediated CMA Allergic with test formula vs. allergic with control formula vs. HBI Amino acid-based formula:
  • ‐

    35 test formula (synbiotic-containing)

  • ‐

    36 control formula

 Test vs. control:
↑ Species of Bifidobacterium and Veillonella families
↓ Species of Lachnospiraceae family and Ruminococcus and Alistipes genera
HBI vs. test formula:
≈ Bifidobacterium spp. and Lachnospiraceae spp.		 Test vs. control:
↑ L-lactate
↓ Valeric and isobutyric acids = Acetate, propionate, butyrate, iso-valerate, and
D-lactate		 Wopereis et al. [75]
Non-IgE-mediated CMA Allergic children before and after milk challenges Hypoallergenic hydrolyzed formulas ↑ Lactic acid bacteria (genus Lactobacillus)
↓ Bacterial groups of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families		 ↑ Skatole
↓ p-cresol and BCFAs = Acetic, propionic, and butyric acids		 Guadamuro et al. [76]
Gastrointestinal disorders Colic vs. non-IgE-mediated CMA vs. proctocolitis vs. healthy controls Exclusive breastfeeding Fecal microbiota in non-IgE-mediated CMA:
↑ Families Eggerthellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae
↑ Genera Intestinibacter (more increased in proctocolitis) and Rothia↓ Genera Erysipelatoclostridium (higher in controls) and Bifidobacterium
Breast milk:
↑ Family Eggerthellaceae in non-IgE-mediated CMA
↑ Family Prolixibacteraceae in proctocolitis		 - Aparicio et al. [77]

Footnote. CMA: cow’s milk allergy; EHF: extensively hydrolyzed formula; SPBF: soy protein-based formula; HRF: hydrolyzed rice formula; HBI: healthy breastfed infants; AAF: amino acid-based formula; CMF: cow’s milk formula; BCFAs: branched-chain fatty acids. Arrow ↑ stands for increased levels of microbial communities and/or metabolites. Arrow ↓ stands for decreased levels of microbial communities and/or metabolites.