Table 1.
Mean color parameter values, humidity, and culinary uses (according to Coyago, et al., (2017) [32] and The-Plant-List, (2019) [33]) of white, yellow, and orange flowers.
| Samples | Family | Species | Common Name | Culinary Uses | Humidity (%) | L* | a* | b* | C*ab | hab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White flowers | ||||||||||
| 1 | Araceae | Spathiphyllum montanum Grayum | Peace flower | Non edible | 89.767 ± 0.225 | 57.200 ± 6.263 | −9.210 ± 0.676 | 24.800 ± 1.495 | 26.456 ± 0.709 | 110.333 ± 0.697 |
| 2 | Agavaceae | Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques | Bad mother | Infusion | 99.130 ± 0.701 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 3 | Amaryllidaceae | Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns | African lily | Infusion | 76.112 ± 0.306 | 73.517 ± 0.804 | −1.213 ± 0.211 | 4.557 ± 0.872 | 4.727 ± 0.798 | 105.413 ± 3.107 |
| 4 | Apiaceae | Coriandrum sativum L. | Coriander | Salad, garrison | 95.853 ± 0.027 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 5 | Apocynaceae | Nerium oleander L. | Flower laurel | Non edible | 79.493 ± 0.666 | 77.800 ± 3.581 | −2.627 ± 0.316 | 7.637 ± 0.301 | 8.092 ± 0.268 | 109.291 ± 3.447 |
| 6 | Apocynaceae | Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lind.) Len. | Starry jasmine | Infusion | 95.800 ± 0.325 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 7 | Boraginaceae | Heliotropium arborescens L. | Vanilla | Infusion | 86.012 ± 0.152 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 8 | Brassicaceae | Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. | White violet | Infusion | 99.718 ± 0.525 | 87.123 ± 0.023 | −1.740 ± 0.017 | 21.623 ± 0.323 | 21.693 ± 0.124 | 94.558 ± 0.023 |
| 9 | Campanulaceae | Campanula shetleri Heckard | Green bell | na | 93.548 ± 0.011 | 67.010 ± 0.001 | 0.730 ± 0.001 | 14.050 ± 0.001 | 14.050 ± 0.001 | 87.070 ± 0.000 |
| 10 | Caryophyllaceae | Dianthus chinensis L. | Diantus | Salad, tea | 94.444 ± 0.922 | 80.793 ± 1.819 | −3.137 ± 0.110 | 11.687 ± 2.201 | 12.106 ± 0.156 | 105.231± 2.077 |
| 11 | Caryophyllaceae | Gypsophila paniculata L. | Veil | Infusion | 88.312 ± 1.542 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 12 | Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus pseudoscammonia C. Koch L. | Meadow bell | Infusion | 89.878 ± 0.808 | 83.093 ± 4.473 | −1.800 ± 0.171 | 5.767 ± 1.140 | 6.043 ± 0.120 | 107.501 ± 1.604 |
| 13 | Iridaceae | Gladiolus communis L. | Gladiolus | Salad, garrison | 79.592 ± 0.349 | 67.010 ± 0.001 | 0.730 ± 0.001 | 14.051 ± 0.008 | 14.069 ± 0.002 | 87.070 ± 0.001 |
| 14 | Lamiaceae | Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | Mentha suaveolens | Infusion | 79.771 ± 0.902 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 15 | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia grandiflora L. | Magnolia | Tea | 82.151 ± 0.272 | 83.093 ± 4.473 | −1.800 ± 0.171 | 5.767 ± 0.140 | 6.043 ± 0.410 | 107.501 ± 0.764 |
| 16 | Oleaceae | Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton | Jasmine of Arabia | Salad, tea | 84.826 ± 0.104 | 83.987 ± 2.450 | −2.927 ± 0.401 | 16.497 ± 0.901 | 16.757 ± 0.918 | 100.059 ± 0.129 |
| 17 | Orchidaceae | Phalaenopsis aphrodite Rchb. f. | Orchid | na | 98.172 ± 0.063 | 70.063 ± 1.670 | 10.030 ± 2.044 | −7.103 ± 1.079 | 12.297 ± 2.201 | 325.161 ± 1.368 |
| 18 | Plumbaginaceae | Plumbago auriculata Lam. | Celestine | Infusion | 26.895 ± 0.872 | 54.340 ± 1.806 | 1.530 ± 0.041 | −16.017 ± 0.154 | 16.208 ± 0.157 | 275.041 ± 0.289 |
| 19 | Rosaceae | Fragaria × Duchesne ex Rozier | Strawberry | na | 94.215 ± 0.579 | 67.010 ± 0.001 | 0.730 ± 0.020 | 14.050 ± 0.001 | 14.069 ± 0.031 | 87.070 ± 0.011 |
| 20 | Rosaceae | Rosa hybrid Vill. | Rose | Salad, desserts | 79.739 ± 0.888 | 86.353 ± 0.915 | 0.030 ± 0.041 | 14.207 ± 0.059 | 14.207 ± 0.024 | 89.924 ± 0.005 |
| 21 | Solanaceae | Capsicum annuum L. | Pepper | na | 98.960 ± 0.921 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 22 | Solanaceae | Solanum laxum Sprengel | False jasmine | na | 85.197 ± 1.508 | 50.783 ± 2.100 | 11.903 ± 1.050 | 8.620 ± 0.219 | 14.798 ± 1.203 | 35.636 ± 0.832 |
| 23 | Verbenaceae | Aloysia citriodora Palau | Cedrón | Tea | 98.118 ± 0.847 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 24 | Verbenaceae | Lantana camara L. | Lantana | Tea | 86.986 ± 0.183 | 64.770 ± 0.143 | 2.703 ± 0.246 | 17.780 ± 1.362 | 17.991 ± 1.326 | 81.447 ± 1.244 |
| Yellow flowers | ||||||||||
| 25 | Araceae | Aglaonema commutatum Schott | Aglaonema | Non edible | 91.958 ± 0.900 | 66.330 ± 1.411 | −0.627 ± 0.055 | 28.877 ± 1.864 | 28.884 ± 0.186 | 91.205 ± 0.180 |
| 26 | Asteraceae | Anthemis tinctoria L. | Golden Daisy | Colorant | 78.726 ± 0.172 | 60.770 ± 2.463 | 21.140 ± 0.654 | 87.357 ± 2.326 | 89.878 ± 0.740 | 76.436 ± 0.139 |
| 27 | Asteraceae | Dahlia coccinea Cav. | Dahlia | Salad | 87.788 ± 0.184 | 61.363 ± 0.719 | 2.133 ± 0.201 | 66.667 ± 0.540 | 66.713 ± 0.281 | 88.181 ± 0.133 |
| 28 | Asteraceae | Dahlia pinnata Cav. | Dahlia | Salad | 74.519 ± 0.001 | 67.290 ± 0.646 | 16.523 ± 0.018 | 75.780 ± 0.546 | 77.561 ± 0.572 | 77.739 ± 0.060 |
| 29 | Brassicaceae | Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. | Rucula | Salad | 87.218 ± 0.528 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 30 | Cannabaceae | Cannabis sativa L. | Cannabis | Non edible | 76.200± 0.914 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 31 | Celastraceae | Euonymus japonicus Thunb. | Burning bush | Colorant | 92.000 ± 1.028 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 32 | Fabaceae | Sophora japonica L. | Acacia Japan | Infusion | 73.629 ± 0.384 | 79.180 ± 1.871 | −6.573 ± 0.116 | 22.023 ± 0.733 | 22.984 ± 0.107 | 106.592 ± 0.582 |
| 33 | Fabaceae | Senna papillosa H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Senna | Non edible | 73.823 ± 0.326 | 58.420 ± 4.265 | 11.060 ± 2.265 | 38.370 ± 4.099 | 40.000 ± 5.911 | 74.380 ± 4.294 |
| 34 | Juglandaceae | Pterocarya stenoptera C. DC. | Chinese fresno | Non edible | 84.572 ± 0.611 | 73.000 ± 1.279 | −5.970 ± 0.214 | 32.910 ± 1.255 | 33.455 ± 1.245 | 100.342 ± 0.283 |
| 35 | Lamiaceae | Ocimum basilicum L. | Basil | Salad, tea | 94.680 ± 1.525 | 80.893 ± 3.409 | −7.227 ± 0.657 | 32.187 ± 1.419 | 32.990 ± 0.712 | 102.602 ± 0.691 |
| 36 | Malvaceae | Gossypium arboreum L. | Cotton | Non edible | 81.410 ± 0.114 | 80.873 ± 3.412 | −7.243 ± 0.713 | 32.201 ± 1.403 | 33.120 ± 0.725 | 102.612 ± 0.743 |
| 37 | Plantaginaceae | Plantago major L. | Plantain | Infusion | 85.714 ± 0.200 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 38 | Polygonaceae | Fallopia aubertii (L.Henry) Holub | Gabriela falloppio | na | 92.411 ± 0.332 | na | na | na | na | na |
| 39 | Portulacaceae | Portulaca oleracea L. | Purslane | Salad | 98.092 ± 0.661 | 71.643 ± 0.965 | 4.887 ± 0.240 | 29.533 ± 0.397 | 29.906 ± 0.401 | 80.624 ± 0.311 |
| 40 | Rubiaceae | Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis | Gardenia | Colorant | 82.213 ± 0.283 | 84.253 ± 3.833 | 3.453 ± 0.116 | 46.923 ± 0.470 | 47.050 ± 0.161 | 85.833 ± 0.179 |
| 41 | Solanaceae | Solanum lycopersicum L. | Tomato | na | 87.255 ± 0.261 | 77.200 ± 1.001 | −4.500 ± 0.121 | 22.034 ± 0.704 | 23.036 ± 0.111 | 106.603 ± 0.612 |
| 42 | Verbenaceae | Lantana camara L. | Lantana | Tea | 88.122 ± 0.706 | 50.570 ± 0.875 | 18.403 ± 0.431 | 48.440 ± 0.128 | 51.823 ± 0.135 | 69.101 ± 1.018 |
| Orange flowers | ||||||||||
| 43 | Acanthaceae | Justicia aurea Schltdl. | na | 94.207 ± 0.184 | 68.817 ± 1.399 | 4.123 ± 0.456 | 88.640 ± 3.326 | 88.736 ± 3.433 | 87.386 ± 0.191 | |
| 44 | Bignoniaceae | Tecoma capensis (Thunb.) Lindl. | Cape honeysuckle | Infusion | 72.225 ± 0.506 | 53.233 ± 2.266 | 40.633 ± 2.053 | 34.833 ± 2.048 | 53.572 ± 0.299 | 40.635 ± 3.084 |
| 45 | Gesneriaceae | Drymonia affinis (Mansf.) Wiehler | Drymonia | na | 73.209 ± 0.172 | 49.510 ± 1.247 | 24.983 ± 0.582 | 32.520 ± 0.963 | 41.010 ± 1.063 | 52.490 ± 0.519 |
| 46 | Gesneriaceae | Drymonia brochidodroma Wiehler | Drymonia | na | 91.041 ± 0.703 | 46.622 ± 1.207 | 25.043 ± 0.604 | 32.511 ± 1.000 | 41.002 ± 1.333 | 52.512 ± 1.302 |
| 47 | Lythraceae | Punica granatum L. | Pomegranate | Infusion | 69.105 ± 0.437 | 43.093 ± 2.765 | 47.340 ± 0.356 | 36.738 ± 0.217 | 59.743 ± 0.133 | 38.153 ± 0.375 |
| 48 | Zigniberaceae | Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) Maas | Honeyy bract | Spice | 89.126 ± 1.333 | 52.111 ± 0.224 | 42.175 ± 0.126 | 35.101 ± 0.243 | 54.872 ± 0.302 | 39.825 ± 2.126 |
na, not available.