Table 4.
Carotenoid contents (μg/g dry weight) of white, yellow, and orange flowers and retinol activity equivalents.
| Species | Phytoene | Lutein Epoxide | Luteoxanthin | Antheraxanthin | 9-Cis-Violaxanthin | Violaxanthin | Lutein | 9-Cis-Anteraxanthin | Zeinoxanthin | β-Carotene | α-Carotene | TOTAL | Retinol Activity Equivalents FW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White flowers | ||||||||||||||
| 1 | S. montanum | 47.724 ± 0.633 | 96.839 ± 1.304 | 32.235 ± 2.525 | 82.001 ± 0.789 | 258.863 ± 0.843 | 0.629 ± 0.123 | |||||||
| 2 | C. comosum | 14.816 ± 0.003 | 79.101 ± 2.045 | 93.917 ± 1.700 | 0.059 ± 0.018 | |||||||||
| 3 | A. africanus | 3.648 ± 0.460 | 4.478 ± 0.373 | 8.125 ± 0.069 | ||||||||||
| 4 | C. sativum | 141.747 ± 0.501 | 22.734 ± 2.594 | 103.121 ±1.176 | 267.601 ± 1.238 | 0.352 ± 0.023 | ||||||||
| 5 | N. oleander | 2.748 ± 0.3122 | 2.748 ± 0.3122 | |||||||||||
| 6 | T.jasminoides | 3.581 ± 0.527 | 3.581 ± 0.527 | |||||||||||
| 7 | H. arborescens | 26.995 ± 2.084 | 3.745 ± 0.251 | 30.740 ± 0.195 | 0.044 ± 0.015 | |||||||||
| 8 | M. incana | 2.523 ± 0.411 | 2.523 ± 0.411 | |||||||||||
| 9 | C. shetleri | 11.357 ± 0.434 | 11.675 ± 0.446 | 23.033 ± 0.068 | ||||||||||
| 10 | D. chinensis | nd | ||||||||||||
| 11 | G. paniculata | 6.649 ± 0.855 | 9.124 ± 0.930 | 18.801 ± 0.232 | 33.854 ± 0.3168 | 0.980 ± 0.029 | ||||||||
| 12 | C. scammonia | 5.989 ± 0.770 | 5.929 ± 0.235 | 11.918 ± 0.077 | ||||||||||
| 13 | G. communis | 3.146 ± 0.107 | 3.146 ± 0.107 | |||||||||||
| 14 | M. suaveolens | 38.523 ± 2.621 | 6.901 ± 0.415 | 21.677 ± 1.936 | 71.278 ± 0.439 | 11.611 ± 0.001 | 149.990 ± 0.687 | 0.195 ± 0.001 | ||||||
| 15 | M. grandiflora | 20.359 ± 1.259 | 20.359 ± 1.259 | |||||||||||
| 16 | J. sambac | 4.877 ± 0.136 | 4.877 ± 0.136 | |||||||||||
| 17 | P. aphrodite | 1.901 ± 0.411 | 6.822 ± 0.330 | 8.273 ± 0.125 | 0.063 ± 0.023 | |||||||||
| 18 | P. auriculata | nd | ||||||||||||
| 19 | F. × ananassa | nd | ||||||||||||
| 20 | Rosa hybrid | 16.801 ± 0.001 | 6.418 ± 0.546 | 9.970 ± 0.702 | 33.249 ± 0.153 | |||||||||
| 21 | C. annuum | 20.435 ± 0.642 | 18.313 ± 0.576 | 16.199 ±0.509 | 76.460 ± 0.468 | 8.272 ± 0.161 | 139.680 ± 0.618 | 0.141 ± 0.066 | ||||||
| 22 | S. laxum | 10.427 ± 0.360 | 3.734 ± 0.101 | 4.730 ± 0.163 | 6.682 ± 0.944 | 25.572 ± 0.845 | 0.028 ± 0.015 | |||||||
| 23 | A. citriodora | 1.741 ± 0.264 | 1.741 ± 0.264 | |||||||||||
| 24 | L. camara* | 44.352 ± 1.586 | 6.914 ± 0.238 | 13.515 ± 0.321 | 64.782 ± 0.420 | 0.148 ± 0.011 | ||||||||
| *13-Cis-violaxanthin (43.503 ± 0.722); 9-Cis-lutein (140.712 ± 0.586); Zeaxanthin (147.8 ± 2.502); β-Cryptoxanthin (361.422 ± 7.638); α-Cis-anteraxanthin (232.215 ± 12.126). | ||||||||||||||
| Yellow flowers | ||||||||||||||
| 25 | A. commutatu | 10.424 ± 0.162 | 13.040 ± 0.203 | 43.188 ± 0.462 | 12.028 ± 0.245 | 78.680 ± 0.402 | 0.085 ± 0.024 | |||||||
| 26 | A. tinctoria | 9.338 ± 0.574 | 10.240 ± 0.630 | 19.578 ± 0.093 | ||||||||||
| 27 | D. coccinea | nd | ||||||||||||
| 28 | D. pinnata | 19.521 ± 0.613 | 20.492 ± 0.644 | 40.013 ± 0.097 | 0.208 ± 0.044 | |||||||||
| 29 | D. tenuifolia | 17.464 ± 0.549 | 33.122 ± 3.642 | 41.066 ± 1.291 | 13.755 ± 0.432 | 105.408 ± 0.455 | 0.021 ± 0.021 | |||||||
| 30 | C. sativa | 16.949 ± 0.585 | 2.878 ± 0.099 | 19.826 ± 0.057 | 0.057 ± 0.035 | |||||||||
| 31 | E. japonicus | 31.441 ± 0.946 | 31.441 ± 0.946 | |||||||||||
| 32 | S. japonica | 38.878 ± 1.341 | 100.347 ± 3.461 | 139.225 ± 0.369 | 2.208 ± 0.010 | |||||||||
| 33 | S. papillosa | 86.001 ± 0.021 | 1204.010 ± 0.062 | 1311.876 ± 0.052 | 170.316 ± 0.001 | 2772.202 ± 0.056 | 3.477 ± 0.027 | |||||||
| 34 | P. stenoptera | 3.623 ± 0.803 | 1.130 ± 0.226 | 3.991 ± 0.593 | 23.966 ± 1.709 | 32.709 ± 0.278 | ||||||||
| 35 | O. basilicum | 7.293 ± 0.106 | 7.992 ± 0.124 | 205.176 ± 1.318 | 284.137 ± 1.924 | 504.597 ± 2.895 | 1.255 ± 0.030 | |||||||
| 36 | G. arboreum | 5.150 ± 0.362 | 5.150 ± 0.362 | |||||||||||
| 37 | P. major | 31.395 ± 0.489 | 136.768 ± 3.277 | 168.162 ± 0.314 | ||||||||||
| 38 | F. aubertii | 3.725 ± 0.394 | 3.725 ± 0.394 | |||||||||||
| 39 | P. oleracea | 334.85 ± 8.972 | 433.409 ± 0.182 | 239.780 ± 3.720 | 4.357 ± 0.685 | 1012.431 ± 7.860 | 0.051 ± 0.041 | |||||||
| 40 | G. jasminoides | 6.895 ± 0.150 | 6.895 ± 0.150 | |||||||||||
| 41 | S. lycopersicum | 31.885 ± 0.609 | 20.207 ± 1.752 | 35.960 ± 1.748 | 88.052 ± 0.738 | |||||||||
| 42 | L. camaraa | 12.744 ± 0.648 | 75.829 ± 2.937 | 92.465 ± 0.823 | 43.500 ± 0.307 | 63.792 ± 3.421 | 54.906 ± 2.379 | 50.828 ± 0.461 | 731.514 ± 7.631 | 2056.065 ± 7.148 | 4.796 ± 1.027 | |||
| Orange flowers | ||||||||||||||
| 43 | J. aurea | 47.880 ± 0.071 | 47.880 ± 0.071 | |||||||||||
| 44 | T. capensis | 6.595 ± 0.751 | 1.844 ± 0.260 | 6.320 ± 0.406 | 6.621 ± 0.426 | 37.646 ± 0.241 | 0.188 ± 0.015 | |||||||
| 45 | D. affinis | 22.283 ± 0.003 | 30.403 ± 0.013 | 43.261 ± 0.001 | 16.277 ± 0.034 | 112.225 ± 0.026 | 0.364 ± 0.007 | |||||||
| 46 | D. brochidodroma | 97.582 ± 0.011 | 258.828 ± 0.078 | 76.733 ± 0.022 | 433.144 ± 0.080 | |||||||||
| 47 | P. granatum | 24.981 ± 0.309 | 8.891 ± 0.279 | 33.872 ± 0.260 | 0.229 ± 0.075 | |||||||||
| 48 | R. alpinia | 220.643 ± 0.06 | 1372.181 ± 0.001 | 1451.916 ± 0.003 | 3044.739 ± 2.120 | 19.058 ± 0.019 | ||||||||
nd, not detectable.