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. 2021 Oct 29;10(11):2625. doi: 10.3390/foods10112625

Table 5.

Carotenoid contents (μg/g dry weight) of red and pink flowers and retinol activity equivalents.

Species Reaction Phytoene Lutein Epoxide Antheraxanthin 9-Cis-Violaxanthin Violaxanthin Lutein 9-Cis-Anteraxanthin Zeinoxanthin β-Cryptoxanthin β-Carotene α-Carotene Total Others Carotenoids Retinol Activity Equivalents FW
Red flowers
49 A. squarrosa S 140.001 ± 0.001 208.963 ± 0.012 32.298 ± 0.001 381.262 ± 0.003
50 C. argentea S 2.518 ± 0.556 8.205 ± 0.637 8.452 ± 0.893 2.900 ± 0.286 22.074 ± 0.151 0.068 ± 0.084
51 C. roseus 3.691 ± 0.721 3.691 ± 0.721
52 N.oleander 3.431 ± 0.439 3.431 ± 0.439
53 A. andraeanum 11.101 ± 0.109 3.041 ± 0.490 14.142 ± 0.122 0.015 ± 0.070
54 I. balsamina 2.890 ± 0.209 2.890 ± 0.209
55 I. walleriana 2.908 ± 0.196 2.908 ± 0.196
56 B. cavaleriei S 3.689 ± 0.119 21.277 ± 0.092 Lycopene
(17.588 ± 0.567)
0.072 ± 0.042
57 B. andraeanum S 3.950 ± 0.114 3.950 ± 0.114
58 B. × tuberhybrida S 8.719 ± 0.910 8.719 ± 0.910
59 D. caryophyllus 15.862 ± 0.408 15.862 ± 0.408
60 R. simsii S 79.036 ± 0.063 79.036 ± 0.063
61 E. rubra 5.163 ± 0.224 5.163 ± 0.224
62 E. milii 7.357 ± 0.103 7.357 ± 0.103
63 B. macrophylla S 17.165 ± 0.023 33.391 ± 0.072 203.433 ± 0.001 377.425 ± 0.009 Luteoxanthin
(98.725 ± 0.001); 9-Cis-β-cryptoxanthin
(24.704 ± 0.011)
2.385 ± 0.001
64 P. peltatum 3.280 ± 0.108 3.280 ± 0.108
65 P. × hortorum 3.521 ± 0.491 3.521 ± 0.491
66 S. splendens S 5.548 ± 0.234 5.548 ± 0.234
67 M. arboreus S 140.300 ± 0.004 7.074 ± 0.295 147.374 ± 0.023
68 F. magellanica 5.269 ± 0.537 6.497 ± 0.001 11.766 ± 0.045
69 Rosa hybrid 6.800 ± 0.303 6.800 ± 0.303 0.122 ± 0.016
70 P. rhoeas S 66.753 ± 0.823 66.753 ± 0.823
71 W. coccinea S 97.236 ± 0.001 97.236 ± 0.001
72 A. majus nd
73 R. equisetiformis S 9.144 ± 0.732 140.300 ± 0.001 4.252 ± 0.340 4.085 ± 0.106 161.976 ± 0.164 Neochrome
(4.252 ± 0.340)
0.055 ± 0.001
74 Petunia × hybrid 6.019 ± 0.111 6.019 ± 0.111
75 L. camara 33.946 ± 1.469 25.415 ± 2.768 46.326 ± 1.267 36.794 ± 0.959 25.694 ± 0.315 55.198 ± 1.267 1.542 ± 0.460 5.587 ± 0.287 304.721 ± 0.183 0.021 ± 0.000
76 Verbena × hybrid 30.303 ± 0.525 11.906 ± 1.700 58.361 ± 0.004 9.303 ± 0.002 26.972 ± 0.011 106.289 ± 0.017 15-Cis-violaxanthin (11.711 ± 1.600); 9-Cis-lutein
(32.001 ±1.229)
0.328 ± 0.001
Pink flowers
77 C. argentea 15.714 ± 0.421 100.672± 2.836 116.324± 0.303
78 N. oleander 0.972 ± 0.003 0.972 ± 0.003
79 B. argentea S 182.793± 0.734 43.165 ± 0.181 15.310 ± 0.194 241.268± 0.594 0.803 ± 0.003
80 Guzmania hybrid 126.450 ± 0.852 2.912 ± 0.129 7.763 ± 0.107 13.867 ± 0.782 150.992± 0.859 0.119 ± 0.006
81 D. caryophyllus 1.662 ± 0.004 1.662 ± 0.004
82 S. officinalis 9.544 ± 0.984 9.544 ± 0.984
83 R.simsii 0.718 ± 0.074 0.718 ± 0.074
84 T. cernuum 2.776 ± 0.304 2.041 ± 0.022 4.817 ± 0.041
85 E. grandiflorum 0.966 ± 0.039 0.966 ± 0.039
86 P. domesticum 2.078 ± 0.120 2.078 ± 0.120
87 P. × hortorum nd
88 H. petiolaris 7.3 ± 0.2 7.3 ± 0.0
89 C. hyssopifolia 19.298 ± 1.331 60.944 ± 1.834 11.306 ± 0.780 61.105 ± 0.421 157.029 ± 0.638 Luteoxanthin
(4.375 ± 0.132)
0.209 ± 0.004
90 L. indica 4.385 ± 0.308 8.476 ± 0.595 12.861 ± 0.069 0.088 ± 0.000
91 G. arboreum 0.700 ± 0.001 0.700 ± 0.001
92 M. jalapa S 4.147 ± 0.328 4.147 ± 0.328
93 P. aphrodite 6.858 ± 0.510 8.376 ± 0.802 8.742 ± 0.837 20.361 ± 1.252 44.338 ± 0.284 0.131 ± 0.002
94 P. oleracea 156.999 ± 3.163 355.241 ± 3.700 120.763 ± 5.221 632.974 ± 6.136
95 Rosa hybrid 6.718 ± 0.846 9.657 ± 0.102 14.962 ± 0.188 5.379 ± 0.678 27.610 ± 0.205 64.238 ± 0.531 0.235 ± 0.002
96 Verbena × hybrid 10.142 ± 1.038 2.544 ± 0.048 12.685 ± 0.127 0.034 ± 0.001

S, saponified; nd, not detectable.