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. 2021 Oct 29;10(11):2625. doi: 10.3390/foods10112625

Table 6.

Carotenoid contents (μg/g dry weight) of lilac and blue flowers and retinol activity equivalents.

Species Reaction Phytoene Lutein Epoxide Luteoxanthin Antheraxanthin 9-Cis-Violaxanthin Violaxanthin Lutein 9-Cis-Anteraxanthin Zeinoxanthin β-Cryptoxanthin β-Carotene α-Carotene Total Retinol Activity Equivalents FW
Lilac flowers
97 A. schoenoprasum 14.146 ± 1.277 10.807 ± 0.976 36.072± 3.256 9.041 ± 0.081 70.066 ± 0.421 0.190 ± 0.001
98 C. roseus S nd
99 C. seridis nd
100 C. intybus 2.096 ± 0.105 2.096 ± 0.105
101 O. fruticosum 3.892 ± 0.815 3.892 ± 0.815
102 A. montanum S 10.610 ± 0.974 45.785± 0.420 24.954 ± 0.222 81.349 ± 0.575 0.100 ± 0.001
103 C. carpatica 6.957 ± 0.012 8.320 ± 0.001 20.323 ± 0.007 35.600 ± 0.064 0.020 ± 0.000
104 Pelargonium × domesticum 0.739 ± 0.071 0.739 ± 0.071
105 Pelargonium × hortorum S nd
106 Mentha × piperita S 23.427 ± 0.415 5.907 ± 0.113 9.493 ± 0.182 70.580± 0.664 38.600 ± 0.141 148.008 ± 0.943 0.177 ± 0.002
107 O. basilicum 16.781 ± 1.022 5.105 ± 1.026 7.611 ± 0.100 37.663 ± 2.341 22.492 ± 0.864 88.873 ± 0.611 0.294 ± 0.007
108 H. syriacus S 3.869 ± 0.481 3.869 ± 0.481
109 B. spectabili S 12.183 ± 1.010 33.282 ± 0.820 45.465 ± 0.141
110 L. sinuatum 3.231 ± 0.152 3.231 ± 0.0152 0.240 ± 0.004
111 F. aubertii 5.407 ± 0.107 5.407 ± 0.107
112 Petunia × hybrida 9.113 ± 0.126 9.113 ± 0.126
113 S. rantonnetti 8.307 ± 0.775 7.797 ± 0.538 7.299 ± 0.503 34.080 ± 2.350 21.228 ± 1.464 78.711 ± 0.433 0.301 ± 0.001
114 Verbena × hybrid 25.007 ± 1.137 48.224 ± 2.200 6.914 ± 0.426 22.666 ± 1.051 102.689 ± 0.424 0.297 ± 0.005
115 V. agnus- castus 4.909 ± 0.103 2.582 ± 0.153 7.491 ± 0.092 0.038 ± 0.001
Blue flowers
116 A. africanus 3.648 ± 0.460 4.478 ± 0.373 8.125 ± 0.069
117 C. althaeoides nd
118 S. ionantha 1.911 ± 0.145 1.911 ± 0.145
119 S. aemula 18.220 ± 1.227 3.139 ± 0.152 4.112 ± 0.277 16.117 ± 1.085 41.588 ± 0.228
120 A. foeniculum 47.885 ± 3.833 35.877 ± 2.872 83.763 ± 0.516 0.607 ± 0.003
121 L. angustifolia S 17.478 ± 0.822 19.190 ± 0.893 4.540 ± 0.373 19.347 ± 0.224 59.506 ± 1.492 12.258 ± 0.841 132.320± 0.513 0.722 ± 0.001
122 R. officinalis S 14.888 ± 1.021 14.888± 1.021
123 Passiflora × belotti 4.818 ± 0.454 7.122 ± 0.580 21.554 ± 2.032 15.638 ± 0.216 49.133± 0.436 0.196 ± 0.003
124 P. vulgaris 1.736 ± 0.412 1.736 ± 0.412
125 Petunia × hybrida 23.061± 1.631 16.645 ± 0.021 39.707± 0.136 0.230 ± 0.000

S, saponified; nd, not detectable.