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. 2021 Oct 29;10(11):2625. doi: 10.3390/foods10112625

Table 7.

Phenolic compound contents (mg/g dry weight) of white, yellow, and orange flowers.

Species Gallic p-Hydroxybe. m-Coumaric p-Coumaric Vanillic Caffeic Syringic Chlorogenic Ferulic Naringin Crisin Quercitrin Myricetin Quercetin Kaempferol Total
White flowers
1 S. montanum nd
2 C. comosum 7.868 ± 0.718 2.802 ± 0.053 4.061 ± 0.092 0.475 ± 0.039 4.249 ± 0.038 21.110 ± 1.393
3 A. africanus 8.648 ± 0.934 2.032 ± 0.081 1.444 ± 0.249 0.890 ± 0.022 13.013 ± 1.287
4 C. sativum 0.242 ± 0.023 0.560 ± 0.008 1.185 ± 0.042 0.372 ± 0.020 0.089 ± 0.001 2.448 ± 0.094
5 N. oleander 0.103 ± 0.003 2.999 ± 0.031 3.091 ± 0.052 0.443 ± 0.020 0.215 ± 0.014 3.428 ± 0.372 3.339 ± 0.029 13.618 ± 0.521
6 T. jasminoides 1.719 ± 0.014 0.398 ± 0.085 0.990 ± 0.001 0.323 ± 0.0036 0.802 ± 0.154 4.132 ± 0.028
7 H. arborescens 0.476 ± 0.013 0.456 ± 0.001 0.227 ± 0.020 1.158 ± 0.163
8 M. incana 5.710 ± 1.153 5.710 ± 1.153
9 C. shetleri 2.329 ± 0.079 0.218 ± 0.020 1.338 ± 0.107 0.248 ± 0.004 4.133 ± 0.092
10 D. chinensis 5.655 ± 0.601 3.870 ± 0.253 9.525 ± 0.016
11 G. paniculata 4.277 ± 0.467 17.930 ± 2.552 22.208 ± 0.132
12 C.s scammonia 0.844 ± 0.053 1.611 ± 0.274 0.146 ± 0.004 1.472 ± 0.242 0.438 ± 0.090 4.884 ± 0.053 9.598 ± 0.073
13 G. communis 0.688 ± 0.085 0.123 ± 0.009 0.577 ± 0.010 0.587 ± 0.009 2.390 ± 0.129
14 M. suaveolens 0.601 ± 0.035 1.337 ± 0.028 1.247 ± 0.013 3.863 ± 0.704
15 M. grandiflora 0.168 ± 0.001 0.575 ± 0.035 0.744 ± 0.036
16 J. sambac 5.913 ± 0.217 0.290 ± 0.003 0.146 ± 0.005 2.211 ± 0.040 0.261 ± 0.016 9.219 ± 0.028
17 P. aphrodite 1.063 ± 0.054 0.201 ± 0.010 6.565 ± 0.214 7.954 ± 0.886
18 P. auriculata 19.895 ± 2.118 17.592 ± 0.561 22.356 ± 0.618 59.843 ± 0.252
19 F. × ananassa 0.472 ± 0.011 24.183 ± 0.625 16.983 ± 0.321 41.628 ± 0.127
20 Rosa hybrid 4.033 ± 0.199 1.302 ± 0.029 1.499 ± 0.351 12.501 ± 1.098
21 C. annuum 0.358 ± 0.068 0.737 ± 0.106 1.372 ± 0.069 1.162 ± 0.044 0.545 ± 0.007 4.978 ± 0.057 0.547 ± 0.010 9.699 ± 0.0877
22 S. laxum 0.213 ± 0.076 0.301 ± 0.001 0.099 ± 0.001 0.953 ± 0.052 1.266 ± 0.132
23 A. citriodora 1.944 ± 0.036 2.869 ± 0.028 3.748 ± 0.068 4.401 ± 0048 15.643 ± 0.001
24 L. camara 7.556 ± 0.026 3.402 ± 0.020 2.170 ± 0.115 5.922 ± 0.173 19.051 ± 0.033
Yellow flowers
25 A. commutatum 0.084 ± 0.022 0.220 ± 0.009 0.121 ± 0.034 0.162 ± 0.032 0.588 ± 0.097
26 A. tinctoria 2.345 ± 0.013 6.767 ± 0.228 0.495 ± 0.041 1.309 ± 0.013 0.152 ± 0.004 11.066 ± 0.615
27 D. coccinea 6.902 ± 0.027 4.738 ± 0.227 1.325 ± 0.303 0.721 ± 0.078 3.570 ± 0.2488 15.733 ± 0.0774
28 D. pinnata 0.340 ± 0.022 1.402 ± 0.081 1.325 ± 0.130 0.721 ± 0.078 0.597 ± 0.037 0.824 ± 0.139 4.475 ± 0.542 9.685 ± 0.012
29 D. tenuifolia 2.186 ± 0.006 3.075 ± 0.438 2.439 ± 0.388 7.701 ± 0.083
30 C. sativa 0.239 ± 0.014 1.719 ± 0.130 0.233 ± 0.010 2.192 ± 0.155
31 E. japonicus 0.245 ± 0.090 0.190 ± 0.001 0.225 ± 0.031 0.649 ± 0.010 0.251 ± 0.006 1.858 ± 0.0218
32 S. japonica 0.813 ± 0.039 0.179 ± 0.007 0.409 ± 0.018 0.427 ± 0.006 3.395 ± 0.146 0.972 ± 0.035 2.669 ± 0.347 9.167 ± 0.742
33 S. papillosa nd
34 P. stenoptera 12.605 ± 1.193 1.220 ± 0.019 1.529 ± 0.134 0.505 ± 0.068 0.131 ± 0.027 18.078 ± 0.119
35 O. basilicum 0.207 ± 0.013 0.328 ± 0.032 0.640 ± 0.0050
36 G. arboreum 0.4360 ± 0.025 0.308 ± 0.002 5.621 ± 0.766 1.507 ± 0.029 7.872 ± 0.011
37 P. major 0.751 ± 0.051 0.856 ± 0.058 21.226 ± 1.503 22.833 ± 0.161
38 F. aubertii 0.806 ± 0.028 0.091 ± 0.006 0.191 ± 0.024 0.399 ± 0.018 0.136 ± 0.018 1.725 ± 0.089
39 P. oleracea 1.302 ± 0.101 2.425 ± 0.001 0.125 ± 0.007 0.457 ± 0.049 4.276 ± 0.053
40 G. jasminoides 0.600 ± 0.026 0.316 ± 0.001 0.407 ± 0.023 0.311 ± 0.004 1.956 ± 0.025
41 S. lycopersicum 1.849 ± 0.297 0.435 ± 0.009 0.620 ± 0.072 0.691 ± 0.059 3.395 ± 0.436
42 L. camara 1.034 ± 0.107 2.665 ± 0.043 1.175 ± 0.122 2.412 ± 0.003 2.126 ± 0.040 1.634 ± 0.011 10.862 ± 0.072
Orange flowers
43 J. aurea nd
44 T. capensis 0.350 ± 0.070 0.773 ± 0.117 0.208 ± 0.005 1.331 ± 0.019
45 D.a affinis nd
46 D. brochidodroma nd
47 P. granatum 9.103 ± 0.533 10.080 ± 0.358 8.421 ± 0.159 56.464 ± 2.298 22.133 ± 1.821 146.937 ± 0.669
48 R. alpinia nd

nd, not detectable.