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. 2021 Oct 29;10(11):2625. doi: 10.3390/foods10112625

Table 8.

Phenolic compound contents (mg/g dry weight) of red and pink flowers.

Species Gallic p-Hydroxybe. m-Coumaric p-Coumaric Vanillic Caffeic Syringic Chlorogenic Ferulic Naringin Crisin Quercitrin Myricetin Quercetin Kaempferol Total
Red flowers
49 A. squarrosa nd
50 C. argentea 0.654 ± 0.026 1.660 ± 0.007 0.665 ± 0.007 0.079 ± 0.004 0.098 ± 0.013 0.179 ± 0.002 3.558 ± 0.286 0.251 ± 0.008 0.572 ± 0.018 7.715 ± 0.044
51 C.s roseus 1.190 ± 0.560 16.458 ± 1.017 0.691 ± 0.069 0.953 ± 0.004 0.791 ± 0.056 6.029 ± 0.254 26.476 ± 2.014
52 N. oleander 4.114 ± 0.118 6.622 ± 0.307 0.764 ± 0.057 1.347 ± 0.013 4.388 ± 0.041 4546 ± 0.385 21.781 ± 1.893
53 A. andraeanum 0.361 ±0.051 6.192 ± 0.177 7.664 ± 0.258
54 I. balsamina 1.503 ± 0.285 0.133 ± 0.028 1.394 ± 0.190 3.244 ±0.052
55 I. walleriana 3.120 ± 0.145 1.195 ± 0.145 3.611 ± 0.004 8.428 ± 0.384
56 B. cavaleriei 1.311 ± 0.060 0.265 ± 0.013 0.641 ± 0.030 1.417 ± 0.071 4.330 ± 0.213
57 B. andraeanum 0.360 ± 0.046 0.273 ± 0.019 0.414 ± 0.048 0.207 ± 0.001 1.984 ± 0.013 2.217 ± 0.099 4.191 ± 0.049 9.646 ± 0.274
58 Begonia × tuberhybrida 1.650 ± 0.242 3.306 ± 0.069 0.642 ± 0.039 2.730 ± 0.205 8.693 ± 0.874
59 D. caryophyllus 13.167 ± 0.241 1.512 ± 0.095 0.331 ± 0.031 0.396 ± 0.071 15.405 ± 2.662
60 R. simsii 0.279 ± 0.057 0.138 ± 0.013 0.361 ± 0.003 0.131 ± 0.003 1.142 ± 0.010
61 E. rubra 0.042 ± 0.002 0.238 ± 0.068 0.326 ± 0.050 0.600 ± 0.122
62 E. milii 4.882 ± 0.502 0.347 ± 0.018 0.724 ± 0.035 0.167 ± 0.018 7.414 ± 0.062
63 B. macrophylla nd
64 P. peltatum 14.741 ± 0.122 2.216 ± 0.011 1.103 ± 0.102 0.248 ± 0.001 0.440 ± 0.012 8.415 ± 0.012 32.452 ± 0449
65 Pelargonium × hortorum 7.142 ± 2.789 2.011 ± 0.003 1.406 ± 0.147 1.371 ± 0.185 18.655 ± 0.296 3.081 ± 0.032 68.975 ± 4.079
66 S. splendens 1.182 ± 0.014 0.683 ± 0.008 4.311 ± 0.053 0.213 ± 0.003 0.801 ± 0.100 7.245 ± 0.078
67 M. arboreus 3.440 ± 0.450 3.429 ± 0.334 0.510 ± 0.071 6.166 ± 0.412 14.824 ± 1.379
68 F. magellanica 4.327 ± 0.154 11.080 ± 0.105 1.555 ± 0.022 23.538 ± 0.242 42.488 ± 1.335
69 Rosa hybrid 3.194 ± 0.642 4.989 ± 0.065 0.793 ± 0.015 0.970 ± 0.075 1.065 ± 0.248 6.339 ± 0.029 19.201 ± 1.513
70 P. rhoeas nd
71 W. coccinea nd
72 A. majus 0.911 ± 0.002 2.443 ± 0.312 0.146 ± 0.019 4.354 ± 0.197 8.962 ± 0.106
73 R. equisetiformis 2.577 ± 0.193 0.137 ± 0.032 4.795 ± 0.061
74 Petunia × hybrid 11.005 ± 0.795 2.724 ± 0.123 13.729 ± 0.191
75 L. camara 9.204 ± 0.120 0.911 ± 0.003 1.001 ± 0.021 0.603 ± 0.003 5.833 ± 0.804 2.306 ± 0.011 2.642 ± 0.333 22.478 ± 0.301
76 Verbena × hybrid 2.493 ± 0.176 1.373 ± 0.001 0.949 ± 0.139 1.187 ± 0.081 9.888 ± 0.148 4.310 ± 0.214 21.283 ± 0.834
Pink flowers
77 C. argentea 1.635 ± 0.068 6.172 ± 0.254 0.239 ± 0.022 0.218 ± 0.001 0.634 ± 0.013 4.615 ± 0.074 13.765 ± 0.437
78 N. oleander 5.514 ± 0.513 0.384 ± 0.086 7.902 ± 0.090 1.123 ± 0.101 0.464 ± 0.069 0.290 ± 0.045 15.677 ± 0.904
79 B. argentea 0.214 ± 0.021 0.274 ± 0.029 0.488 ± 0.051
80 G. hybrid 0.491 ± 0.065 0.473 ± 0.003 0.118 ± 0.019 1.229 ± 0.097
81 D. caryophyllus 8.479 ± 0.385 0.714 ± 0.032 1.527 ± 0.069 0.087 ± 0.004 10.807 ± 0.049
82 S. officinalis 1.733 ± 0.160 8.728 ± 0.943 10.461 ± 1.103
83 R. simsii 0.279 ± 0.057 0.138 ± 0.013 0.361 ± 0.003 0.131 ± 0.003 1.142 ± 0.102
84 T. cernuum 0.279 ± 0.005 0.166 ± 0.004 1.354 ± 0.079 0.605 ± 0.031 2.674 ± 0.187
85 E. grandiflorum 0.257 ± 0.008 0.338 ± 0.086 1.713 ± 0.141 3.105 ± 0.271
86 P. domesticum 15.733 ± 0.120 6.495 ± 0.152 0.310 ± 0.011 1.345 ± 0.086 3.485 ± 0.484 32.678 ± 2.198
87 Pelargonium × hortorum 22.520 ± 1.728 3.162 ± 0.070 3.704 ± 0.073 19.506 ± 1.375 6.291 ± 2.100 55.183 ± 5.346
88 H. petiolaris 10.889 ± 0.114 34.229 ± 2.096 6.566 ± 0.175 3.183 ± 0.162 4.350 ± 0.224 2.154 ± 0.115 61.371 ± 4.260
89 C. hyssopifolia 11.312 ± 0.867 11.312 ± 0.867
90 L. indica 0.424 ± 0.006 2.667 ± 0.395 3.091 ± 0.484
91 G. arboreum 0.367 ± 0.010 2.762 ± 0.326 0.545 ± 0.036 0.862 ± 0.073 0.741 ± 0.034 5.276 ± 0.479
92 M. jalapa 4.530 ± 0.048 2.230 ± 0.022 0.729 ± 0.044 0.369 ± 0.012 0.332 ± 0.013 0.373 ± 0.009 0.922 ± 0.123 9.485 ± 0.271
93 P. aphrodite 10.146 ± 0.349 1.614 ± 0.049 17.202 ± 0.282 3.136 ± 0.020 39.969 ± 1.073
94 P. oleracea 0.402 ± 0.111 4.008 ± 0.160 0.125 ± 0.007 0.347 ± 0.050 4.389 ± 0.021
95 Rosa hybrid 5.799 ± 0.424 0.333 ± 0.014 0.351 ± 0.050 7.770 ± 0.033
96 Verbena ×hybrid 18.240 ± 1.965 1.470 ± 0.169 6.890 ± 0.668 0.198 ± 0.014 26.797 ± 2.816

nd, not detectable.