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Environmental stressors impact on endophyte-infected and non-infected plants. Stress causes redox imbalances that lead to oxidative damage. In endophyte-free plants, there is little to mitigate this damage. Endophytes upregulate defensive genes and produce osmolytes and phytohormones that are protective against many stressors and reduce the damage done by redox imbalances. This improves the overall plant performance. Arrows represent effects on the plant and associations.
