Table 1.

Risk factors for tuberculosis known to modulate gut or lung microbiota and hepatic antituberculosis drug metabolism (modified from reference [67]).

	Intestinal Microbiota	Lung Microbiota	Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity
HIV	↓Rikenellaceae ↓Bacteroidaceae ↓Lachnospiraceae	↑Prevotell, ↑Veillonella ↑Streptococcus	Increases risk
Alcohol	↑Proteobacteria ↓Bacteroidetes	Unknown	Increases risk
Malnutrition	↑Entreococcus faecalis ↑Streptococcus gallolyticus ↓Faecalibacterium prauznitzii ↓Bacteroides spp. ↓Bifidobacterium spp.	Unknown	Increases risk
Smoking	↑Proteobacteria ↑Bacteroidetes ↓Actinobacteria ↓Firmicutes	Minimal effect on microbiota	No data
Air pollution	↑Firmicutes, ↓Bacteroidetes	↑Neisseria, ↑Streptococcus ↓Tropheryma	Unknown

↑ and ↓ indicate increase and decrease in abundance, respecively.