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. 2021 Nov 10;22(22):12152. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212152

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biosynthesis and regulation of pyocyanin pigment by TCSs. The QS system (las, rhl, and pqs), the autoinducer synthase (PqsE), and RhlR TR are highlighted in a green dotted rectangle and play an important role in regulation of phz genes. Both phz1 and phz2 operons are responsible for biosynthesis of pyocyanin. They convert chorismic acid into phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), which is converted into 5-methyl phenazine-1-carboxylic acid betaine and finally pyocyanin pigment via phenazine enzymes (PhzM and PhzS). GacSA along with LadS and RetS hybrid HKs function in a parallel and antagonistic approach. The RsmY/Z-RsmA complex enhances the regulation of phz genes. CarSR is responsible for pyocyanin production by controlling the carP. PA2572-PA2573 and BqsSR also are responsible for pyocyanin production through PQS. PhoRB is another important TCS that is responsible for pyocyanin production through the QS network. AlgZR plays an antagonistic role in the production of pyocyanin.