Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population (n = 2912).
| Variables | Robust | Pre-Frail | Frail | p-Values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number, N (%) | 835 (28.7) | 1460 (50.1) | 617 (21.2) | |
| Age, years | 75.4 ± 3.7 | 76.0 ± 3.9 | 76.8 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 480 (57.5) | 679 (46.5) | 227 (36.8) | |
| Female | 355 (42.5) | 781 (53.5) | 390 (63.2) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 453 (54.3) | 898 (61.5) | 425 (68.9) | |
| Former | 335 (40.1) | 482 (33.0) | 149 (24.1) | |
| Current | 47 (5.7) | 80 (5.5) | 43 (7.0) | |
| Alcohol intake | <0.001 | |||
| Never/Less than one time per week | 515 (61.7) | 1055 (72.3) | 478 (77.5) | |
| More than one time per week | 320 (38.3) | 405 (27.7) | 139 (22.5) | |
| Physical activity, kcal/week | <0.001 | |||
| Active | 753 (90.2) | 1190 (81.5) | 402 (65.2) | |
| Inactive | 82 (9.8) | 270 (18.5) | 215 (34.8) | |
| Education, years | <0.001 | |||
| <9 | 284 (34.0) | 696 (47.7) | 413 (66.9) | |
| ≥9 | 551 (66.0) | 764 (52.3) | 204 (33.1) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married/with partner | 633 (75.8) | 974 (66.7) | 376 (60.9) | |
| Divorced/widowed/unmarried | 202 (24.2) | 486 (33.3) | 241 (39.1) | |
| Household income, won/month | <0.001 | |||
| <1,000,000 | 286 (34.3) | 644 (44.1) | 360 (58.3) | |
| ≥1,000,000 | 549 (65.7) | 816 (55.9) | 257 (41.7) | |
| Residential area | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 263 (31.5) | 423 (29.0) | 122 (19.8) | |
| Suburban | 357 (42.8) | 600 (41.1) | 263 (42.6) | |
| Rural | 215 (25.7) | 437 (29.9) | 232 (37.6) | |
| Current employment | 0.072 | |||
| Yes | 200 (24.0) | 408 (27.9) | 152 (24.6) | |
| No | 635 (76.0) | 1052 (72.1) | 465 (75.4) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 2.8 | 24.5 ± 3.0 | 24.1 ± 3.4 | 0.013 |
| Carlson’s comorbidity index | 3.17 ± 0.37 | 3.24 ± 0.43 | 3.29 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
Data were shown as N (%) or mean ± standard deviation.