Table 3.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the frailty according to the increases of PM2.5, PM10, and O3.
| Pollutants | ORs (95% CIs) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| Robust vs. Frail | ||||
| PM2.5 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.055 (1.002,1.112) | 1.065 (0.974,1.165) | 0.81 (0.702,0.962) |
| PM10 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.095 (1.060,1.131) | 1.106 (1.056,1.158) | 1.188 (1.093,1.290) |
| O3 | 1 ppb | 1.041 (1.023,1.059) | 1.093 (1.031,1.160) | 1.021 (0.953,1.094) |
| PM2.5 | 1 SD | 1.326 (1.154,1.524) | 1.209 (0.923,1.583) | 0.554 (0.345,0.890) |
| PM10 | 1 SD | 1.574 (1.337,1.853) | 1.655 (1.314,2.083) | 2.364 (1.563,3.575) |
| O3 | 1 SD | 1.271 (1.146,1.410) | 1.709 (1.202,2.431) | 1.133 (0.751,1.710) |
| Robust vs. pre-frail | ||||
| PM2.5 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.053 (1.017,1.090) | 1.030 (0.970,1.094) | 0.802 (0.717,0.898) |
| PM10 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.062 (1.037,1.087) | 1.072 (1.040,1.105) | 1.168 (1.104,1.236) |
| O3 | 1 ppb | 1.005 (0.985,1.025) | 1.057 (1.015,1.101) | 0.999 (0.953,1.047) |
| PM2.5 | 1 SD | 1.167 (1.052,1.294) | 1.093 (0.912,1.310) | 0.516 (0.368,0.724) |
| PM10 | 1 SD | 1.348 (1.198,1.518) | 1.414 (1.216,1.645) | 2.175 (1.642,2.882) |
| O3 | 1 SD | 1.029 (0.912,1.161)) | 1.395 (1.093,1.781) | 0.992 (0.748,1.315) |
| Non-frail vs. frail | ||||
| PM2.5 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.051 (1.014,1.090) | 1.039 (0.968,1.116) | 0.905 (0.797,1.028) |
| PM10 | 1 μg/m3 | 1.052 (1.024,1.080) | 1.058 (1.019,1.098) | 1.098 (1.027,1.173) |
| O3 | 1 ppb | 1.024 (1.002,1.048) | 1.051 (1.001,1.102) | 1.017 (0.962,1.074) |
| PM2.5 | 1 SD | 1.162 (1.043,1.294) | 1.123 (0.908,1.388) | 0.742 (0.506,1.087) |
| PM10 | 1 SD | 1.287 (1.128,1.468) | 1.324 (1.100,1.593) | 1.593 (1.142,2.223) |
| O3 | 1 SD | 1.155 (1.010,1.322) | 1.344 (1.007,1.793) | 1.104 (0.793,1.536) |
Model 1: age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, education, income, marital status, residence, and comorbidity; Model 2: Model 1 + meteorological data; Model 3: Model 2 + other PMs and ozone.