Table 4.
Methodological Quality Assessment of Included Studies Using ROBINS-I.
| Study | Pre-Intervention | At Intervention | Post-Intervention | Overall Risk of Bias | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author | Year | Bias Due to Confounding | Bias in Selection of Participants into the Study | Bias in Classification of Interventions | Bias Due to Deviations from Intended Interventions | Bias Due to Missing Data | Bias in Measurement of Outcomes | Bias in Selection of the Reported Result | |
| An | 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Bach | 2021 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Bielinis | 2019 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Elsadek | 2019 | Low | Moderate | Low | No Information | No Information | Moderate | Moderate | No information |
| Lee | 2020 | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Oishi | 2003 | Serious | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
| Saito | 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Simkin | 2020 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Takayama | 2017a | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious | Serious |
| Takayama | 2017b | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Yu | 2017 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Zhou | 2019 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |